Spacecraft Flight Instance
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - normal, detailed
Example - /spacecraft_flights/?mode=detailed
Filters
Parameters - spacecraft
Example - /spacecraft_flights/?spacecraft=289
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /spacecraft_flights/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /spacecraft_flights/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - ll.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/spacecraft_flights/841/?format=api
{ "id": 841, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_flights/841/?format=api", "destination": "Descent Moon Orbit", "mission_end": "1969-05-23T05:13:36Z", "spacecraft": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 586, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/586/?format=api", "name": "LM Snoopy", "serial_number": "LM-4", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 2089, "name": "Lunar Module on the Moon (Apollo 16)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/lunar_module_on_image_20240505074251.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/lunar_module_on_image_thumbnail_20240505074252.jpeg", "credit": "NASA / Apollo 16 astronauts", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P4DT12H24M36S", "time_docked": "P4DT56M55S", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "description": "Flown on Apollo 10.\r\n\r\nDescent stage may have hit the Moon, ascent stage in heliocentric orbit. Snoopy is the only flown LM ascent stage known to have survived intact (possibly asteroid 2018 AV2).", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "detailed", "id": 43, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/43/?format=api", "name": "Apollo Lunar Module", "type": { "id": 7, "name": "Lander" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": 1958, "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 19, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184631.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 161, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185043.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 76, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_nation_20230803040809.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184823.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "family": [], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 2089, "name": "Lunar Module on the Moon (Apollo 16)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/lunar_module_on_image_20240505074251.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/lunar_module_on_image_thumbnail_20240505074252.jpeg", "credit": "NASA / Apollo 16 astronauts", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "capability": "Landing on the Moon, Rendezvous in lunar orbit", "history": "First flown in 1969, the LM achieved its historic moment on July 20th, 1969, when the \"Eagle\" landed on the Moon, carrying the first humans to walk on its surface.", "details": "The Apollo Lunar Module was the lunar lander spacecraft that was flown between lunar orbit and the Moon's surface during the United States' Apollo program. It was the first crewed spacecraft to operate exclusively in the airless vacuum of space, and was the first crewed vehicle to land anywhere beyond Earth.", "maiden_flight": "1968-01-22", "height": 7.04, "diameter": 4.22, "human_rated": true, "crew_capacity": 2, "payload_capacity": null, "payload_return_capacity": null, "flight_life": "", "wiki_link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module", "info_link": "", "spacecraft_flown": 10, "total_launch_count": 16, "successful_launches": 16, "failed_launches": 0, "attempted_landings": 6, "successful_landings": 6, "failed_landings": 0, "fastest_turnaround": "PT21H36M20S" }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, "launch": { "id": "4dd2a587-45a3-4f54-ba79-53732433671a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/4dd2a587-45a3-4f54-ba79-53732433671a/?format=api", "name": "Saturn V | Apollo 10", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "saturn-v-apollo-10", "launch_designator": "1969-043", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-05-18T14:03:54Z", "net": "1969-05-18T16:49:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1969-05-18T16:49:00Z", "window_start": "1969-05-18T16:49:00Z", "image": { "id": 1820, "name": "[AUTO] Saturn V - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/saturn2520v_image_20190222030036.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193845.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 221, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 93, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/93/?format=api", "name": "Saturn V", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 138, "name": "Saturn" } ], "full_name": "Saturn V", "variant": "V" } }, "mission": { "id": 146, "name": "Apollo 10", "type": "Human Exploration", "description": "Apollo 10 was Command by Thomas P. Stafford, Command Module Pilot John W. Young, and Lunar Module Pilot Eugene A. Cernan. This mission was a F Mission which means a dress rehearsal for the upcoming Apollo 11 Mission that would be the first crewed mission to land on the moon.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 11, "name": "Lunar Orbit", "abbrev": "LO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/4/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": 1958, "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 19, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184631.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 161, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185043.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 76, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_nation_20230803040809.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184823.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Launch Complex 39B", "image": null, "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39B", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.62711233,-80.62101503", "latitude": 28.62711233, "longitude": -80.62101503, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_4_20200803143518.jpg", "total_launch_count": 58, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 57, "fastest_turnaround": "P28DT11H55M4S", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7144, "successful_launches": 6601, "failed_launches": 543, "total_attempted_landings": 1100, "successful_landings": 1057, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "image": { "id": 2200, "name": "Cape Canaveral & KSC seen from orbit (STS-43)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cape_canaveral__image_20240918151615.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cape_canaveral__image_thumbnail_20240918151616.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "longitude": -80.650833, "latitude": 28.524167, "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 263, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/programs/4/?format=api", "name": "Apollo", "image": { "id": 1877, "name": "[AUTO] Apollo - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/apollo_program_20200820200202.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194019.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/apollo/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_program", "description": "The Apollo program was the third United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in landing the first humans on the Moon from 1969 to 1972.", "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } } ], "start_date": "1966-11-16T00:00:00Z", "end_date": "1972-12-19T19:24:59Z", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 969, "location_launch_attempt_count": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 99, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 50, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2 }, "landing": { "id": 1390, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/landings/1390/?format=api", "attempt": false, "success": null, "description": "", "downrange_distance": null, "landing_location": null, "type": { "id": 7, "name": "Destructive Reentry", "abbrev": "ATM", "description": "Spacecraft burned up in the atmosphere" } }, "duration": "P4DT12H24M36S", "turn_around_time": null, "response_mode": "detailed", "launch_crew": [], "onboard_crew": [], "landing_crew": [], "docking_events": [ { "id": 576, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/docking_events/576/?format=api", "docking": "1969-05-23T03:11:02Z", "departure": "1969-05-23T05:13:36Z", "docking_location": { "id": 43, "name": "Apollo Command/Service Module", "spacestation": null, "spacecraft": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 10, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/10/?format=api", "name": "Apollo Command/Service Module", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 999, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/999/?format=api", "name": "North American Aviation", "abbrev": "", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "family": [], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1902, "name": "[AUTO] Apollo Command/Service Module - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/apollo2520command2fservice2520module_image_20190207032507.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194107.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "payload": null }, "space_station_target": null, "flight_vehicle_target": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_flights/27/?format=api", "destination": "Descent Moon Orbit", "mission_end": "1969-05-26T16:52:00Z", "spacecraft": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/28/?format=api", "name": "Apollo Charlie Brown CSM-106", "serial_number": "CSM-106", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 1902, "name": "[AUTO] Apollo Command/Service Module - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/apollo2520command2fservice2520module_image_20190207032507.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194107.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT3M", "time_docked": "P4DT56M55S", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "CSM-106 \"Charlie Brown\" was an Apollo Command & Service Module used in the Apollo 10 mission.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 10, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/10/?format=api", "name": "Apollo Command/Service Module", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 999, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/999/?format=api", "name": "North American Aviation", "abbrev": "", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "family": [], "in_use": false, "image": { "id": 1902, "name": "[AUTO] Apollo Command/Service Module - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/apollo2520command2fservice2520module_image_20190207032507.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194107.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "fastest_turnaround": null }, "launch": { "id": "4dd2a587-45a3-4f54-ba79-53732433671a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/4dd2a587-45a3-4f54-ba79-53732433671a/?format=api", "name": "Saturn V | Apollo 10", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "saturn-v-apollo-10", "launch_designator": "1969-043", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-05-18T14:03:54Z", "net": "1969-05-18T16:49:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1969-05-18T16:49:00Z", "window_start": "1969-05-18T16:49:00Z", "image": { "id": 1820, "name": "[AUTO] Saturn V - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/saturn2520v_image_20190222030036.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193845.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 221, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 93, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/93/?format=api", "name": "Saturn V", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 138, "name": "Saturn" } ], "full_name": "Saturn V", "variant": "V" } }, "mission": { "id": 146, "name": "Apollo 10", "type": "Human Exploration", "description": "Apollo 10 was Command by Thomas P. Stafford, Command Module Pilot John W. Young, and Lunar Module Pilot Eugene A. Cernan. This mission was a F Mission which means a dress rehearsal for the upcoming Apollo 11 Mission that would be the first crewed mission to land on the moon.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 11, "name": "Lunar Orbit", "abbrev": "LO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/4/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. 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