Launch Instance
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - ll.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/b15ac98f-755d-4add-bc7c-8d6b8bab4c08/?format=api
{ "id": "b15ac98f-755d-4add-bc7c-8d6b8bab4c08", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/b15ac98f-755d-4add-bc7c-8d6b8bab4c08/?format=api", "name": "SpaceShipTwo | VSS Enterprise PF01", "response_mode": "detailed", "slug": "spaceshiptwo-vss-enterprise-pf01", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:57:53Z", "net": "2013-04-29T12:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2013-04-29T12:00:00Z", "window_start": "2013-04-29T12:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 1839, "name": "[AUTO] SpaceShipTwo - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceshiptwo_image_20210522140909.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193914.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "abbrev": "VG", "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Private" }, "featured": false, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "Virgin Galactic is an American spaceflight company within the Virgin Group. It is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflights to space tourists. Virgin Galactic's suborbital spacecraft are air launched from beneath a carrier airplane known as White Knight Two.", "administrator": "Founder: Richard Branson", "founding_year": 2004, "launchers": "VMS Eve", "spacecraft": "VSS Enterprise | VSS Unity", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 32, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin_galactic_image_20210522131723.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184711.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 196, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_logo_20230509082346.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185159.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 101, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_nation_20230617045127.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184858.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "total_launch_count": 67, "consecutive_successful_launches": 11, "successful_launches": 62, "failed_launches": 5, "pending_launches": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "successful_landings_spacecraft": 66, "failed_landings_spacecraft": 0, "attempted_landings_spacecraft": 66, "successful_landings_payload": 0, "failed_landings_payload": 0, "attempted_landings_payload": 0, "info_url": "https://www.virgingalactic.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic", "social_media_links": [] }, "rocket": { "id": 2919, "configuration": { "response_mode": "detailed", "id": 465, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/465/?format=api", "name": "SpaceShipTwo", "families": [], "full_name": "SpaceShipTwo", "variant": "", "active": true, "is_placeholder": false, "manufacturer": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "abbrev": "VG", "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Private" }, "featured": false, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "Virgin Galactic is an American spaceflight company within the Virgin Group. It is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflights to space tourists. Virgin Galactic's suborbital spacecraft are air launched from beneath a carrier airplane known as White Knight Two.", "administrator": "Founder: Richard Branson", "founding_year": 2004, "launchers": "VMS Eve", "spacecraft": "VSS Enterprise | VSS Unity", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 32, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin_galactic_image_20210522131723.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184711.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 196, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_logo_20230509082346.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185159.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 101, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_nation_20230617045127.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184858.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "total_launch_count": 67, "consecutive_successful_launches": 11, "successful_launches": 62, "failed_launches": 5, "pending_launches": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "successful_landings_spacecraft": 66, "failed_landings_spacecraft": 0, "attempted_landings_spacecraft": 66, "successful_landings_payload": 0, "failed_landings_payload": 0, "attempted_landings_payload": 0, "info_url": "https://www.virgingalactic.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Galactic", "social_media_links": [] }, "program": [], "reusable": true, "image": { "id": 1839, "name": "[AUTO] SpaceShipTwo - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceshiptwo_image_20210522140909.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193914.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipTwo", "description": "The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo (SS2) is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism. It is manufactured by The Spaceship Company, a California-based company owned by Virgin Galactic.", "alias": "", "min_stage": 1, "max_stage": 1, "length": 18.0, "diameter": 8.2, "maiden_flight": "2010-10-10", "launch_cost": null, "launch_mass": 9.0, "leo_capacity": 0.0, "gto_capacity": 0.0, "geo_capacity": 0.0, "sso_capacity": 0.0, "to_thrust": 310.0, "apogee": 110.0, "total_launch_count": 67, "consecutive_successful_launches": 11, "successful_launches": 62, "failed_launches": 5, "pending_launches": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "fastest_turnaround": "P1D" }, "launcher_stage": [], "spacecraft_stage": [ { "id": 637, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_flights/637/?format=api", "destination": "Suborbital", "mission_end": "2013-04-29T12:00:00Z", "spacecraft": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 472, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft/472/?format=api", "name": "VSS Enterprise", "serial_number": "N339SS", "is_placeholder": false, "image": { "id": 2148, "name": "SpaceShip Two mated to the Mother ship White Knight Two", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceship_two_m_image_20240812142700.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceship_two_m_image_thumbnail_20240812142701.jpeg", "credit": "Steve Jurvetson", "license": { "id": 28, "name": "CC BY 2.0", "priority": 6, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT12H", "time_docked": "P0D", "flights_count": 37, "mission_ends_count": 37, "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Destroyed" }, "description": "VSS Enterprise was the first SpaceShipTwo (SS2) spaceplane, built by Scaled Composites for Virgin Galactic. As of 2004, it was planned to be the first of five commercial suborbital SS2 spacecraft planned by Virgin Galactic. Enterprise was destroyed during a powered test flight on 31 October 2014, killing one pilot, Michael Alsbury, and seriously injuring another, Peter Siebold. An investigation revealed the accident was caused by premature deployment of the \"feathering\" system, the ship's descent device; the NTSB also faulted the spacecraft's design for lacking fail-safe mechanisms that could have deterred or prevented early deployment.", "spacecraft_config": { "response_mode": "detailed", "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/spacecraft_configurations/27/?format=api", "name": "SpaceShipTwo", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Spaceplane" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "abbrev": "VG", "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Private" }, "featured": false, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "Virgin Galactic is an American spaceflight company within the Virgin Group. It is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflights to space tourists. Virgin Galactic's suborbital spacecraft are air launched from beneath a carrier airplane known as White Knight Two.", "administrator": "Founder: Richard Branson", "founding_year": 2004, "launchers": "VMS Eve", "spacecraft": "VSS Enterprise | VSS Unity", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 32, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin_galactic_image_20210522131723.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184711.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 196, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_logo_20230509082346.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185159.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 101, "name": "[AUTO] Virgin Galactic - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_nation_20230617045127.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184858.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } }, "family": [], "in_use": true, "image": { "id": 1933, "name": "[AUTO] SpaceShipTwo - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceshiptwo_image_20210522133744.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194156.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "capability": "SpaceShipTwo is carried to its launch altitude by a Scaled Composites White Knight Two, before being released to fly on into the upper atmosphere powered by its rocket engine. It then glides back to Earth and performs a conventional runway landing.", "history": "The spaceship was officially unveiled to the public on 7 December 2009 at the Mojave Air and Space Port in California. On 29 April 2013, after nearly three years of unpowered testing, the first one constructed successfully performed its first powered test flight.", "details": "The Scaled Composites Model 339 SpaceShipTwo is an air-launched suborbital spaceplane type designed for space tourism. It is manufactured by The Spaceship Company, a California-based company owned by Virgin Galactic.", "maiden_flight": "2010-10-10", "height": 18.0, "diameter": 8.2, "human_rated": true, "crew_capacity": 8, "payload_capacity": null, "payload_return_capacity": null, "flight_life": "Short suborbital flights", "wiki_link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceShipTwo", "info_link": "https://www.virgingalactic.com/", "spacecraft_flown": 2, "total_launch_count": 67, "successful_launches": 62, "failed_launches": 5, "attempted_landings": 66, "successful_landings": 66, "failed_landings": 0, "fastest_turnaround": "P1D" }, "fastest_turnaround": "P1D" }, "landing": { "id": 1107, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/landings/1107/?format=api", "attempt": true, "success": true, "description": "VSS Enterprise successfully landed back at the Mojave Air and Space Port after this flight.", "downrange_distance": null, "landing_location": { "id": 25, "name": "Mojave Air and Space Port", "active": true, "abbrev": "KMHV", "description": "Mojave Air and Space Port", "location": null, "longitude": -118.151667, "latitude": 35.059444, "image": { "id": 2239, "name": "Mojave Air and Space Port", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mojave_air_and__image_20240920092609.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mojave_air_and__image_thumbnail_20240920092609.jpeg", "credit": "Tedder", "license": { "id": 20, "name": "CC BY-SA 4.0", "priority": 6, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "successful_landings": 52, "attempted_landings": 52, "failed_landings": 0, "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" } }, "type": { "id": 6, "name": "Horizontal Landing", "abbrev": "HL", "description": "Horizontal landing on a runway or flat surface." } }, "duration": "P0D", "turn_around_time": "P17D", "response_mode": "detailed", "launch_crew": [ { "id": 3466, "role": { "id": 2, "role": "Pilot", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 671, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/671/?format=api", "name": "Michael Alsbury", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Lost In Flight" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "abbrev": "VG", "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Private" } }, "image": { "id": 608, "name": "[AUTO] Michael Alsbury - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/michael_alsbury_image_20210522144654.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190310.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "list", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 39, "date_of_birth": "1975-03-19", "date_of_death": "2014-10-31", "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Michael Tyner Alsbury was an American test pilot for Scaled Composites. On October 31, 2014, Alsbury was test flying the Virgin Galactic SpaceShipTwo, VSS Enterprise with Peter Siebold. The craft broke up in-flight, resulting in a total loss of VSS Enterprise, which crashed in the California Mojave Desert.", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Alsbury", "last_flight": "2014-10-31T12:00:00Z", "first_flight": "2010-10-10T12:00:00Z", "social_media_links": [] } }, { "id": 3465, "role": { "id": 2, "role": "Pilot", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 672, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/672/?format=api", "name": "Mark Stucky", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "abbrev": "VG", "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Private" } }, "image": { "id": 751, "name": "[AUTO] Mark Stucky - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mark_stucky_image_20210522145002.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190703.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "response_mode": "list", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 66, "date_of_birth": "1958-11-09", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "bio": "Mark P. \"Forger\" Stucky was an American test pilot and commercial astronaut for Virgin Galactic. 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