Spaceflight Flight Instance
API endpoint that allows a flight of a specific Spacecraft instances to be viewed.
GET:
Return a list of all the existing Spacecraft flights.
FILTERS:
Parameters - 'spacecraft'
Example - /api/2.2.0/spacecraft/flight/?spacecraft=37
GET /2.2.0/spacecraft/flight/56/?format=api
{ "id": 56, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/flight/56/?format=api", "mission_end": "1984-10-13T16:26:00Z", "destination": "Low Earth Orbit", "launch_crew": [ { "id": 1123, "role": { "id": 1, "role": "Commander", "priority": 0 }, "astronaut": { "id": 328, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/328/?format=api", "name": "Robert Crippen", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P23DT13H45M56S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1937-09-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Robert Laurel Crippen is an American retired naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aerospace engineer, and retired astronaut. He traveled into space four times: as Pilot of STS-1 in April 1981, the first Space Shuttle mission; and as Commander of STS-7 in June 1983, STS-41-C in April 1984, and STS-41-G in October 1984. Crippen received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/robert2520crippen_image_20181202093705.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crippen", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1981-04-12T12:00:04Z" } }, { "id": 1212, "role": { "id": 2, "role": "Pilot", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 340, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/340/?format=api", "name": "Jon McBride", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT5H23M", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1943-08-14", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Jon Andrew McBride is a retired American naval officer and aviator, fighter pilot, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jon2520mcbride_image_20181202103017.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McBride", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 1223, "role": { "id": 8, "role": "Payload Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 589, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/589/?format=api", "name": "Paul Scully-Power", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT5H23M", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1944-05-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American Australian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Paul Desmond Scully-Power, AM, FRAeS (born May 28, 1944) is an Australian-American oceanographer, technology expert and business executive. In 1984, while a civilian employee of the United States Naval Undersea Warfare Center, he flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-41-G as a Payload Specialist. He was the first Australian-born person to journey into space, and the first astronaut with a beard.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/paul2520scully-power_image_20181207221854.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scully-Power", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 1131, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 358, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/358/?format=api", "name": "Sally Ride", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P14DT7H46M", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1951-05-26", "date_of_death": "2012-07-23", "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Sally Kristen Ride was an American astronaut, physicist, and engineer. Born in Los Angeles, she joined NASA in 1978 and became the first American woman in space in 1983. Ride was the third woman in space overall, after USSR cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova (1963) and Svetlana Savitskaya (1982). Ride remains the youngest American astronaut to have traveled to space, having done so at the age of 32. After flying twice on the Orbiter Challenger, she left NASA in 1987. She worked for two years at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control, then at the University of California, San Diego as a professor of physics, primarily researching nonlinear optics and Thomson scattering. She served on the committees that investigated the Challenger and Columbia space shuttle disasters, the only person to participate in both. Ride died of pancreatic cancer on July 23, 2012.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sally2520ride_image_20190421143600.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Ride", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1983-06-18T11:33:00Z" } }, { "id": 1221, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 376, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/376/?format=api", "name": "David Leestma", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P22DT4H32M21S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1949-05-06", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "David Cornell Leestma is a former American astronaut and retired Captain in the United States Navy.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/david2520leestma_image_20181202121039.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leestma", "last_flight": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 1216, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 361, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/361/?format=api", "name": "Kathryn D. Sullivan", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P22DT4H47M30S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1951-10-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan is an American geologist and a former NASA astronaut. A crew member on three Space Shuttle missions, she was the first American woman to walk in space on October 11, 1984. She was Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration after being confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 6, 2014. Sullivan's tenure ended on January 20, 2017 with the swearing in of President Donald Trump. Following completion of her service at NOAA, she was designated as the 2017 Charles A. Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, and has also served as a Senior Fellow at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kathryn_d._sull_image_20220911033537.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan", "last_flight": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 1224, "role": { "id": 8, "role": "Payload Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 112, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/112/?format=api", "name": "Marc Garneau", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P29DT2H", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api", "name": "Canadian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1949-02-23", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Canadian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Garneau was one of the first Canadian Astronauts and he became the first Canadian in outer space in October 1984. In 1984, he was seconded to the new Canadian Astronaut Program (CAP), one of six chosen from over 4,000 applicants. He flew on the shuttle Challenger, STS-41-G from October 5 to 13, 1984, as payload specialist. He was promoted to Captain in 1986, and left the Navy in 1989, to become deputy director of the CAP. In 1992–93, he underwent further training to become a mission specialist. He worked as CAPCOM for a number of shuttle flights and was on two further flights himself: STS-77 (May 19 to 29, 1996) and STS-97 (to the ISS, November 30 to December 11, 2000). He has logged over 677 hours in space.\r\n\r\nIn February 2001, he was appointed executive vice-president of the Canadian Space Agency, and became its president on November 22, 2001.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/marc2520garneau_image_20181128232810.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Garneau", "last_flight": "2000-12-01T03:06:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } } ], "onboard_crew": [], "landing_crew": [ { "id": 107, "role": { "id": 1, "role": "Commander", "priority": 0 }, "astronaut": { "id": 328, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/328/?format=api", "name": "Robert Crippen", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P23DT13H45M56S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1937-09-11", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Robert Laurel Crippen is an American retired naval officer and aviator, test pilot, aerospace engineer, and retired astronaut. He traveled into space four times: as Pilot of STS-1 in April 1981, the first Space Shuttle mission; and as Commander of STS-7 in June 1983, STS-41-C in April 1984, and STS-41-G in October 1984. Crippen received the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/robert2520crippen_image_20181202093705.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Crippen", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1981-04-12T12:00:04Z" } }, { "id": 136, "role": { "id": 2, "role": "Pilot", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 340, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/340/?format=api", "name": "Jon McBride", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT5H23M", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1943-08-14", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Jon Andrew McBride is a retired American naval officer and aviator, fighter pilot, test pilot, aeronautical engineer, and a former NASA astronaut.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/jon2520mcbride_image_20181202103017.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_McBride", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 139, "role": { "id": 8, "role": "Payload Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 589, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/589/?format=api", "name": "Paul Scully-Power", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P8DT5H23M", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1944-05-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American Australian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Paul Desmond Scully-Power, AM, FRAeS (born May 28, 1944) is an Australian-American oceanographer, technology expert and business executive. In 1984, while a civilian employee of the United States Naval Undersea Warfare Center, he flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-41-G as a Payload Specialist. He was the first Australian-born person to journey into space, and the first astronaut with a beard.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/paul2520scully-power_image_20181207221854.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Scully-Power", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 110, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 358, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/358/?format=api", "name": "Sally Ride", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P14DT7H46M", "status": { "id": 11, "name": "Deceased" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1951-05-26", "date_of_death": "2012-07-23", "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Sally Kristen Ride was an American astronaut, physicist, and engineer. Born in Los Angeles, she joined NASA in 1978 and became the first American woman in space in 1983. Ride was the third woman in space overall, after USSR cosmonauts Valentina Tereshkova (1963) and Svetlana Savitskaya (1982). Ride remains the youngest American astronaut to have traveled to space, having done so at the age of 32. After flying twice on the Orbiter Challenger, she left NASA in 1987. She worked for two years at Stanford University's Center for International Security and Arms Control, then at the University of California, San Diego as a professor of physics, primarily researching nonlinear optics and Thomson scattering. She served on the committees that investigated the Challenger and Columbia space shuttle disasters, the only person to participate in both. Ride died of pancreatic cancer on July 23, 2012.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sally2520ride_image_20190421143600.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_Ride", "last_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z", "first_flight": "1983-06-18T11:33:00Z" } }, { "id": 1218, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 376, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/376/?format=api", "name": "David Leestma", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P22DT4H32M21S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1949-05-06", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "David Cornell Leestma is a former American astronaut and retired Captain in the United States Navy.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/david2520leestma_image_20181202121039.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Leestma", "last_flight": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 1213, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 361, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/361/?format=api", "name": "Kathryn D. Sullivan", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P22DT4H47M30S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1951-10-03", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Kathryn Dwyer Sullivan is an American geologist and a former NASA astronaut. A crew member on three Space Shuttle missions, she was the first American woman to walk in space on October 11, 1984. She was Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere and Administrator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration after being confirmed by the U.S. Senate on March 6, 2014. Sullivan's tenure ended on January 20, 2017 with the swearing in of President Donald Trump. Following completion of her service at NOAA, she was designated as the 2017 Charles A. Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History at the Smithsonian Institution’s National Air and Space Museum, and has also served as a Senior Fellow at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kathryn_d._sull_image_20220911033537.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn_D._Sullivan", "last_flight": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } }, { "id": 140, "role": { "id": 8, "role": "Payload Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 112, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/112/?format=api", "name": "Marc Garneau", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P29DT2H", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api", "name": "Canadian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1949-02-23", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Canadian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Garneau was one of the first Canadian Astronauts and he became the first Canadian in outer space in October 1984. In 1984, he was seconded to the new Canadian Astronaut Program (CAP), one of six chosen from over 4,000 applicants. He flew on the shuttle Challenger, STS-41-G from October 5 to 13, 1984, as payload specialist. He was promoted to Captain in 1986, and left the Navy in 1989, to become deputy director of the CAP. In 1992–93, he underwent further training to become a mission specialist. He worked as CAPCOM for a number of shuttle flights and was on two further flights himself: STS-77 (May 19 to 29, 1996) and STS-97 (to the ISS, November 30 to December 11, 2000). He has logged over 677 hours in space.\r\n\r\nIn February 2001, he was appointed executive vice-president of the Canadian Space Agency, and became its president on November 22, 2001.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/marc2520garneau_image_20181128232810.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marc_Garneau", "last_flight": "2000-12-01T03:06:00Z", "first_flight": "1984-10-05T11:03:00Z" } } ], "spacecraft": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/37/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle Challenger", "serial_number": "OV-099", "is_placeholder": false, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P62DT6H51M50S", "time_docked": "P0D", "flights_count": 10, "mission_ends_count": 10, "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Destroyed" }, "description": "Space Shuttle Challenger (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-099) was the second orbiter of NASA's space shuttle program to be put into service, after Columbia. Challenger was built by Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division, in Downey, California. Its maiden flight, STS-6, began on April 4, 1983. The orbiter was launched and landed nine times before breaking apart 73 seconds into its tenth mission, STS-51-L, on January 28, 1986, resulting in the death of all seven crew members, including a civilian school teacher. It was the first of two shuttles to be destroyed in flight, the other being Columbia, in 2003. The accident led to a two-and-a-half-year grounding of the shuttle fleet; flights resumed in 1988, with STS-26 flown by Discovery. Challenger was replaced by Endeavour, which was built from structural spares ordered by NASA in the construction contracts for Discovery and Atlantis.", "spacecraft_config": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/spacecraft/14/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Spaceplane" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Administrator: Bill Nelson", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "in_use": false, "capability": "Carrying a crew of 7 astronauts along with cargo to Low Earth Orbit.", "history": "The Space shuttle was a United States space craft. Following the conclusion of the Apollo program the Space Shuttle intended to lower costs for reliable access to Low Earth Orbit. The program ran from 1981-2011.", "details": "The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable LEO spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011, launched from the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. Operational missions launched numerous satellites, interplanetary probes, and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST); conducted science experiments in orbit; and participated in construction and servicing of the International Space Station. 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