AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.

EXAMPLE - /launch/\<id\>/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX

GET
Return a list of all Launch objects.

FILTERS
Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id',
'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids',
'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'

MODE
'normal', 'list', 'detailed'

EXAMPLE ?mode=list

SEARCH
Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.

EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX

GET /2.2.0/launch/373d34e0-363a-4dce-a6fc-81d0f53d1f2f/?format=api
HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept

{
    "id": "373d34e0-363a-4dce-a6fc-81d0f53d1f2f",
    "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/373d34e0-363a-4dce-a6fc-81d0f53d1f2f/?format=api",
    "slug": "space-shuttle-discovery-ov-103-sts-42",
    "flightclub_url": null,
    "r_spacex_api_id": null,
    "name": "Space Shuttle Discovery / OV-103 | STS-42",
    "status": {
        "id": 3,
        "name": "Launch Successful",
        "abbrev": "Success",
        "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)."
    },
    "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:54:43Z",
    "updates": [],
    "net": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z",
    "net_precision": null,
    "window_end": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z",
    "window_start": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z",
    "probability": -1,
    "weather_concerns": null,
    "holdreason": "",
    "failreason": null,
    "hashtag": null,
    "launch_service_provider": {
        "id": 192,
        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/192/?format=api",
        "name": "Lockheed Space Operations Company",
        "featured": false,
        "type": "Commercial",
        "country_code": "USA",
        "abbrev": "LSOC",
        "description": null,
        "administrator": null,
        "founding_year": null,
        "launchers": "",
        "spacecraft": "",
        "launch_library_url": null,
        "total_launch_count": 65,
        "consecutive_successful_launches": 49,
        "successful_launches": 64,
        "failed_launches": 1,
        "pending_launches": 0,
        "consecutive_successful_landings": 0,
        "successful_landings": 0,
        "failed_landings": 0,
        "attempted_landings": 0,
        "info_url": "",
        "wiki_url": "",
        "logo_url": null,
        "image_url": null,
        "nation_url": null
    },
    "rocket": {
        "id": 350,
        "configuration": {
            "id": 493,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/493/?format=api",
            "name": "Space Shuttle",
            "active": false,
            "reusable": true,
            "description": "The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS). Five complete Space Shuttle orbiter vehicles were built and flown on a total of 135 missions from 1981 to 2011.",
            "family": "",
            "full_name": "Space Shuttle",
            "manufacturer": {
                "id": 44,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                "featured": true,
                "type": "Government",
                "country_code": "USA",
                "abbrev": "NASA",
                "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.",
                "administrator": "Administrator: Bill Nelson",
                "founding_year": "1958",
                "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS",
                "spacecraft": "Orion",
                "launch_library_url": null,
                "total_launch_count": 135,
                "consecutive_successful_launches": 11,
                "successful_launches": 115,
                "failed_launches": 20,
                "pending_launches": 6,
                "consecutive_successful_landings": 0,
                "successful_landings": 0,
                "failed_landings": 0,
                "attempted_landings": 0,
                "info_url": "http://www.nasa.gov",
                "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Administration",
                "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png",
                "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg",
                "nation_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_nation_20230803040809.jpg"
            },
            "program": [
                {
                    "id": 6,
                    "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/6/?format=api",
                    "name": "Space Shuttle",
                    "description": "The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.",
                    "agencies": [
                        {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        }
                    ],
                    "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space2520shutt_program_20200820202237.png",
                    "start_date": "1981-04-12T12:00:03Z",
                    "end_date": "2011-07-08T15:29:00Z",
                    "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html",
                    "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program",
                    "mission_patches": [],
                    "type": {
                        "id": 2,
                        "name": "Human Spaceflight"
                    }
                }
            ],
            "variant": "",
            "alias": "",
            "min_stage": 2,
            "max_stage": 2,
            "length": 56.1,
            "diameter": 8.0,
            "maiden_flight": "1981-04-12",
            "launch_cost": "450000000",
            "launch_mass": 2030,
            "leo_capacity": 27500,
            "gto_capacity": null,
            "to_thrust": 28200,
            "apogee": null,
            "vehicle_range": null,
            "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space_shuttle_image_20230422074810.jpeg",
            "info_url": null,
            "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle",
            "total_launch_count": 135,
            "consecutive_successful_launches": 22,
            "successful_launches": 133,
            "failed_launches": 2,
            "pending_launches": 0,
            "attempted_landings": 0,
            "successful_landings": 0,
            "failed_landings": 0,
            "consecutive_successful_landings": 0
        },
        "launcher_stage": [],
        "spacecraft_stage": {
            "id": 88,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/flight/88/?format=api",
            "mission_end": "1992-01-30T16:07:00Z",
            "destination": "Low Earth Orbit",
            "launch_crew": [
                {
                    "id": 1569,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 1,
                        "role": "Commander",
                        "priority": 0
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 367,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/367/?format=api",
                        "name": "Ronald J. Grabe",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P26DT3H54M58S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1945-06-13",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Ronald John Grabe is a former NASA astronaut.\r\n\r\nHe has earned the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with 7 Oak Leaf Clusters, the Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, the Liethen-Tittle Award (for Outstanding Student at the USAF Test Pilot School), the Royal Air Force Cross, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and NASA Space Flight Medals.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ronald2520j.2520grabe_image_20181202120203.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Grabe",
                        "last_flight": "1993-06-21T13:07:00Z",
                        "first_flight": "1985-10-03T15:15:30Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1572,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 2,
                        "role": "Pilot",
                        "priority": 2
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 400,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/400/?format=api",
                        "name": "Stephen S. Oswald",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P33DT22H31M14S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1951-06-30",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Stephen Scot Oswald is a former NASA astronaut.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/stephen2520s.2520oswald_image_20181202135254.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Oswald",
                        "last_flight": "1995-03-02T06:38:13Z",
                        "first_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1575,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 8,
                        "role": "Payload Specialist",
                        "priority": 4
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 80,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/80/?format=api",
                        "name": "Roberta Bondar",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P8DT1H14M27S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 16,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api",
                            "name": "Canadian Space Agency",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1945-12-04",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "Canadian",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Roberta Bondar (born December 4, 1945) is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. Following more than a decade as NASA's head of space medicine, Bondar became a consultant and speaker in the business, scientific, and medical communities.\r\n\r\nBondar has received many honours including the Order of Canada, the Order of Ontario, the NASA Space Medal, over 22 honorary degrees and induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/roberta2520bondar_image_20181128223453.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberta_Bondar",
                        "last_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z",
                        "first_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1162,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 8,
                        "role": "Payload Specialist",
                        "priority": 4
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 196,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/196/?format=api",
                        "name": "Ulf Merbold",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P49DT20H36M57S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 27,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api",
                            "name": "European Space Agency",
                            "type": "Multinational"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1941-06-20",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "German",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Dr. Ulf Dietrich Merbold (born June 20, 1941) is the first West German citizen and second German native (after Sigmund Jähn) to have flown in space. He is also the first member of the European Space Agency Astronaut Corps to participate in a spaceflight mission and the first non-US citizen to reach orbit in a US spacecraft. In 1983, he and Byron Lichtenberg became the first Payload Specialists to fly on the shuttle.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ulf2520merbold_image_20181201175303.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulf_Merbold",
                        "last_flight": "1994-10-03T22:42:30Z",
                        "first_flight": "1983-11-28T16:00:00Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1574,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 7,
                        "role": "Mission Specialist",
                        "priority": 4
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 413,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/413/?format=api",
                        "name": "William F. Readdy",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P28DT43M44S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1952-01-24",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "William Francis Readdy is a former Associate Administrator of the Office of Space Flight, at NASA Headquarters.\r\n\r\nHe graduated from McLean High School, McLean, Virginia, in 1970 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering (with honors) from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1974. He's a distinguished graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School 1980. Readdy is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, the Explorers Club, and the Royal Astronautical Society and is an Associate Fellow of the AIAA. He also belongs to the Association of Space Explorers.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/william2520f.2520readdy_image_20181202140919.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_F._Readdy",
                        "last_flight": "1996-09-16T08:54:49Z",
                        "first_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1304,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 7,
                        "role": "Mission Specialist",
                        "priority": 4
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 141,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/141/?format=api",
                        "name": "David Hilmers",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P20DT14H16M35S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1950-01-28",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "David Carl Hilmers is a former NASA astronaut. Hilmers was selected a NASA astronaut in July 1980, and completed the initial training period in August 1981. A veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 493 hours in space.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/david2520hilmers_image_20181129205853.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_C._Hilmers",
                        "last_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z",
                        "first_flight": "1985-10-03T15:15:30Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1137,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 7,
                        "role": "Mission Specialist",
                        "priority": 4
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 586,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/586/?format=api",
                        "name": "Norman E. Thagard",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P140DT13H25M36S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1943-07-03",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Norman Earl Thagard (born July 3, 1943), (Capt, USMC, Ret.), is an American scientist and former U.S. Marine Corps officer and naval aviator and NASA astronaut. He is the first American to ride to space on board a Russian vehicle, and can be considered the first American cosmonaut. He did on this on March 14, 1995, in the Soyuz TM-21 spacecraft for the Russian Mir-18 mission.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/norman2520e.2520thagard_image_20181207215117.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Thagard",
                        "last_flight": "1995-03-14T06:11:34Z",
                        "first_flight": "1983-06-18T11:33:00Z"
                    }
                }
            ],
            "onboard_crew": [],
            "landing_crew": [
                {
                    "id": 1570,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 1,
                        "role": "Commander",
                        "priority": 0
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 367,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/367/?format=api",
                        "name": "Ronald J. Grabe",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P26DT3H54M58S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1945-06-13",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Ronald John Grabe is a former NASA astronaut.\r\n\r\nHe has earned the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross, the Air Medal with 7 Oak Leaf Clusters, the Air Force Meritorious Service Medal, the Liethen-Tittle Award (for Outstanding Student at the USAF Test Pilot School), the Royal Air Force Cross, the NASA Exceptional Service Medal, and NASA Space Flight Medals.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ronald2520j.2520grabe_image_20181202120203.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_J._Grabe",
                        "last_flight": "1993-06-21T13:07:00Z",
                        "first_flight": "1985-10-03T15:15:30Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 1573,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 2,
                        "role": "Pilot",
                        "priority": 2
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 400,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/400/?format=api",
                        "name": "Stephen S. Oswald",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P33DT22H31M14S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 44,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                            "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1951-06-30",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "American",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Stephen Scot Oswald is a former NASA astronaut.",
                        "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/stephen2520s.2520oswald_image_20181202135254.jpg",
                        "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_S._Oswald",
                        "last_flight": "1995-03-02T06:38:13Z",
                        "first_flight": "1992-01-22T14:52:33Z"
                    }
                },
                {
                    "id": 256,
                    "role": {
                        "id": 8,
                        "role": "Payload Specialist",
                        "priority": 4
                    },
                    "astronaut": {
                        "id": 80,
                        "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/80/?format=api",
                        "name": "Roberta Bondar",
                        "type": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Government"
                        },
                        "in_space": false,
                        "time_in_space": "P8DT1H14M27S",
                        "status": {
                            "id": 2,
                            "name": "Retired"
                        },
                        "agency": {
                            "id": 16,
                            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api",
                            "name": "Canadian Space Agency",
                            "type": "Government"
                        },
                        "date_of_birth": "1945-12-04",
                        "date_of_death": null,
                        "nationality": "Canadian",
                        "twitter": null,
                        "instagram": null,
                        "bio": "Roberta Bondar (born December 4, 1945) is Canada's first female astronaut and the first neurologist in space. Following more than a decade as NASA's head of space medicine, Bondar became a consultant and speaker in the business, scientific, and medical communities.\r\n\r\nBondar has received many honours including the Order of Canada, the Order of Ontario, the NASA Space Medal, over 22 honorary degrees and induction into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame.",
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                        "bio": "Dr. Ulf Dietrich Merbold (born June 20, 1941) is the first West German citizen and second German native (after Sigmund Jähn) to have flown in space. He is also the first member of the European Space Agency Astronaut Corps to participate in a spaceflight mission and the first non-US citizen to reach orbit in a US spacecraft. In 1983, he and Byron Lichtenberg became the first Payload Specialists to fly on the shuttle.",
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                        "bio": "William Francis Readdy is a former Associate Administrator of the Office of Space Flight, at NASA Headquarters.\r\n\r\nHe graduated from McLean High School, McLean, Virginia, in 1970 and received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aerospace Engineering (with honors) from the U.S. Naval Academy in 1974. He's a distinguished graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School 1980. Readdy is a Fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots, the Explorers Club, and the Royal Astronautical Society and is an Associate Fellow of the AIAA. He also belongs to the Association of Space Explorers.",
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                        "bio": "David Carl Hilmers is a former NASA astronaut. Hilmers was selected a NASA astronaut in July 1980, and completed the initial training period in August 1981. A veteran of four space flights, he has logged over 493 hours in space.",
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