Launch Instance
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/\<id\>/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET
Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS
Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id',
'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids',
'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE
'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH
Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/33f96681-487e-4b8f-9d59-c355458cacd7/?format=api
{ "id": "33f96681-487e-4b8f-9d59-c355458cacd7", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/33f96681-487e-4b8f-9d59-c355458cacd7/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-soyuz-tm-27", "flightclub_url": null, "r_spacex_api_id": null, "name": "Soyuz U | Soyuz TM-27", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:41:44Z", "updates": [], "net": "1998-01-29T16:33:42Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1998-01-29T16:33:42Z", "window_start": "1998-01-29T16:33:42Z", "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 322, "consecutive_successful_launches": 46, "successful_launches": 311, "failed_launches": 11, "pending_launches": 10, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "info_url": "http://en.roscosmos.ru/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_nation_20230531052758.jpg" }, "rocket": { "id": 434, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "active": false, "reusable": false, "description": "", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "manufacturer": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 322, "consecutive_successful_launches": 46, "successful_launches": 311, "failed_launches": 11, "pending_launches": 10, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "info_url": "http://en.roscosmos.ru/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_nation_20230531052758.jpg" }, "program": [], "variant": "", "alias": "", "min_stage": 2, "max_stage": 3, "length": 51.1, "diameter": 2.95, "maiden_flight": "1973-05-18", "launch_cost": null, "launch_mass": 313, "leo_capacity": 6900, "gto_capacity": null, "to_thrust": null, "apogee": null, "vehicle_range": null, "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-U", "total_launch_count": 714, "consecutive_successful_launches": 1, "successful_launches": 694, "failed_launches": 20, "pending_launches": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0 }, "launcher_stage": [], "spacecraft_stage": { "id": 233, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/flight/233/?format=api", "mission_end": "1998-08-25T05:24:00Z", "destination": "Mir", "launch_crew": [ { "id": 2596, "role": { "id": 1, "role": "Commander", "priority": 0 }, "astronaut": { "id": 204, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/204/?format=api", "name": "Talgat Musabayev", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P341DT11H58M8S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1951-01-07", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Kazakh", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Talgat Amangeldyuly Musabayev (Kazakh: Талғат Аманкелдіұлы Мұсабаев; born 7 January 1951) is a Kazakh test pilot and former cosmonaut who flew on three spaceflights. His first two spaceflights were long-duration stays aboard the Russian space station Mir. His third spaceflight was a short duration visiting mission to the International Space Station, which also carried the first paying space tourist Dennis Tito. He retired as a cosmonaut in November 2003.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/talgat2520musabayev_image_20181201180632.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgat_Musabayev", "last_flight": "2001-04-28T07:37:20Z", "first_flight": "1994-07-01T12:24:50Z" } }, { "id": 2631, "role": { "id": 11, "role": "Research Cosmonaut", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 99, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/99/?format=api", "name": "Léopold Eyharts", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P68DT21H31M18S", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "type": "Multinational" }, "date_of_birth": "1957-04-28", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "French", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Léopold Eyharts (born April 28, 1957) is a French Brigadier General in the French Air Force, an engineer and ESA astronaut.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/l25c325a9opold2520eyharts_image_20181128230321.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9opold_Eyharts", "last_flight": "2008-02-07T19:45:00Z", "first_flight": "1998-01-29T16:33:42Z" } }, { "id": 2635, "role": { "id": 3, "role": "Flight Engineer", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 83, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/83/?format=api", "name": "Nikolai Budarin", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P445DT1H24M12S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1963-04-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Nikolai Mikhailovich Budarin (Russian: Николай Михайлович Бударин) (born April 29, 1953 in Kirya, Chuvashia) is a retired Russian cosmonaut, a veteran of three extended space missions aboard the Mir Space Station and the International Space Station. He has also performed eight career spacewalks with a total time of 44 hours.\r\n\r\nNamed a cosmonaut candidate in 1989, Budarin's first space mission was a long-term assignment aboard the space station Mir in 1995. Since then, he again made extended stays on Mir in 1998 and the International Space Station Expedition 6 from 2002 to 2003.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/nikolai2520budarin_image_20181128223920.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Budarin", "last_flight": "2002-11-23T00:49:47Z", "first_flight": "1995-06-27T19:32:19Z" } } ], "onboard_crew": [], "landing_crew": [ { "id": 2598, "role": { "id": 1, "role": "Commander", "priority": 0 }, "astronaut": { "id": 204, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/204/?format=api", "name": "Talgat Musabayev", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P341DT11H58M8S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1951-01-07", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Kazakh", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Talgat Amangeldyuly Musabayev (Kazakh: Талғат Аманкелдіұлы Мұсабаев; born 7 January 1951) is a Kazakh test pilot and former cosmonaut who flew on three spaceflights. His first two spaceflights were long-duration stays aboard the Russian space station Mir. His third spaceflight was a short duration visiting mission to the International Space Station, which also carried the first paying space tourist Dennis Tito. He retired as a cosmonaut in November 2003.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/talgat2520musabayev_image_20181201180632.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talgat_Musabayev", "last_flight": "2001-04-28T07:37:20Z", "first_flight": "1994-07-01T12:24:50Z" } }, { "id": 649, "role": { "id": 11, "role": "Research Cosmonaut", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 67, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/67/?format=api", "name": "Yuri Baturin", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P19DT19H55M29S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1949-06-12", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Yuri Mikhailovich Baturin (Russian: Юрий Михайлович Батурин (born 12 June 1949, Moscow, Soviet Union {now Russia})), is a Russian cosmonaut and former politician.\r\n\r\nBaturin graduated from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1973, and is the former Assistant to the President on National Security and Secretaty of the Defense Council (1996-1998); he is also an author in constitutional law. Baturin was also a cosmonaut who flew on two missions.\r\n\r\nHis first spaceflight, sometimes called Mir EP-4, was launched with the spacecraft Soyuz TM-28 13 August 1998, and landed with Soyuz TM-27. He was a Research Cosmonaut for this mission, which lasted for 11 days 19 hours 39 minutes. His second spaceflight was ISS EP-1, which was launched with the spacecraft Soyuz TM-32 on April 28, 2001, and landed with Soyuz TM-31. This mission was notable as carrying to first paying space tourist Dennis Tito. For this mission he was designated a Flight Engineer; the mission lasted for 7 days 22 hours and 4 minutes.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/yuri2520baturin_image_20181128221206.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Baturin", "last_flight": "2001-04-28T07:37:20Z", "first_flight": "1998-08-13T09:43:11Z" } }, { "id": 2634, "role": { "id": 3, "role": "Flight Engineer", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 83, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/83/?format=api", "name": "Nikolai Budarin", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P445DT1H24M12S", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1963-04-29", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Nikolai Mikhailovich Budarin (Russian: Николай Михайлович Бударин) (born April 29, 1953 in Kirya, Chuvashia) is a retired Russian cosmonaut, a veteran of three extended space missions aboard the Mir Space Station and the International Space Station. He has also performed eight career spacewalks with a total time of 44 hours.\r\n\r\nNamed a cosmonaut candidate in 1989, Budarin's first space mission was a long-term assignment aboard the space station Mir in 1995. Since then, he again made extended stays on Mir in 1998 and the International Space Station Expedition 6 from 2002 to 2003.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/nikolai2520budarin_image_20181128223920.jpg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Budarin", "last_flight": "2002-11-23T00:49:47Z", "first_flight": "1995-06-27T19:32:19Z" } } ], "spacecraft": { "id": 103, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/103/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz TM-27", "serial_number": "Soyuz TM 11F732A51 #76", "is_placeholder": false, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P207DT12H50M18S", "time_docked": "P205DT8H10M35S", "flights_count": 1, "mission_ends_count": 1, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Single Use" }, "description": "Soyuz TM-27 was a Soyuz spacecraft which launched on 29 January 1998 16:33 UTC. It transported two members of the Expedition 25 and one astronaut to Mir. The Expedition 25 crew consisted of Talgat Musabayev and Nikolai Budarin. The astronaut was Léopold Eyharts from the European Space Agency.", "spacecraft_config": { "id": 41, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/spacecraft/41/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz TM", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "in_use": false, "capability": "Manned and Cargo ISS & Mir Logistics, Lifeboat", "history": "The Soyuz-TM crew transports were fourth generation Soyuz spacecraft, and were used from 1986 to 2002 for ferry flights to Mir and the International Space Statio", "details": "Soyuz is a series of spacecraft designed for the Soviet space programme by the Korolyov Design Bureau (now RKK Energia) in the 1960s that remains in service today. The Soyuz succeeded the Voskhod spacecraft and was originally built as part of the Soviet Manned Lunar programme. The Soyuz spacecraft is launched on a Soyuz rocket, the most frequently used and most reliable launch vehicle in the world to date. The Soyuz rocket design is based on the Vostok launcher, which in turn was based on the 8K74 or R-7A Semyorka, a Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile. All Soyuz spacecraft are launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan.", "maiden_flight": "1986-05-21", "height": 7.48, "diameter": 2.72, "human_rated": true, "crew_capacity": 3, "payload_capacity": null, "payload_return_capacity": null, "flight_life": "180 days while docked", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_tm_image_20231228130713.jpeg", "nation_url": null, "wiki_link": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz-TM", "info_link": "" } }, "landing": { "id": 854, "attempt": true, "success": true, "description": "The Soyuz spacecraft safely landed in Kazakhstan.", "downrange_distance": null, "location": { "id": 19, "name": "Kazakhstan", "abbrev": "KAZ", "description": "Deserts of Kazakhstan in Central Asia", "location": null, "successful_landings": 0 }, "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Parachute Landing", "abbrev": "PL", "description": "Unpowered landing using parachute(s)." } }, "docking_events": [ { "id": 41, "spacestation": { "id": 5, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacestation/5/?format=api", "name": "Mir", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "De-Orbited" }, "founded": "1986-02-20", "description": "Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996.\r\n\r\nThe station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space.", "orbit": "Low Earth Orbit", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mir_image_20190218204938.jpeg" }, "docking": "1998-01-31T17:54:20Z", "departure": "1998-08-25T02:04:55Z", "docking_location": { "id": 6, "name": "Kvant-1 aft", "spacestation": { "id": 5, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacestation/5/?format=api", "name": "Mir" } } } ] } }, "mission": { "id": 366, "name": "Soyuz TM-27", "description": "Soyuz TM-27 was the 35th mission and the 25th long-duration expedition to Mir space station. It was also a part of the US/Russian Shuttle-Mir Program.\nThe mission began on January 29, 1998, 16:33:42 UTC, launching Commander Talgat Musabayev, Flight Engineer Nikolai Budarin and Research Cosmonaut Léopold Eyharts into orbit. They docked with Mir two days later. During their stay there, cosmonauts performed several EVAs and various scientific experiments in medicine, biotechnology, Earth sciences etc. Station crew was visited by several Progress resupply spacecrafts, STS-91, and welcomed aboard Soyuz TM-28 with the next expedition crew. \nThe mission concluded with a safe landing back on Earth on August 25, 1998, 05:24:44 UTC.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "", "map_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/launch_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1548, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/launch_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "infoURLs": [], "vidURLs": [], "webcast_live": false, "timeline": [], "image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/8/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "description": "The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_program_20201129185543.png", "start_date": "1966-11-28T11:02:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } }, { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/16/?format=api", "name": "Mir", "description": "Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. 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