Launch Instance
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/\<id\>/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET
Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS
Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id',
'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids',
'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE
'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH
Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/0102940a-4a60-4686-b34d-ced3fed6c595/?format=api
{ "id": "0102940a-4a60-4686-b34d-ced3fed6c595", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/0102940a-4a60-4686-b34d-ced3fed6c595/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-crew-9", "flightclub_url": null, "r_spacex_api_id": null, "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Crew-9", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2024-04-18T08:07:57Z", "updates": [ { "id": 5399, "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/profile_images/cosmic2520penguin_profile_20210817212020.png", "comment": "NET mid-August 2024.", "info_url": "https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2023/10/12/nasa-updates-commercial-crew-planning-manifest/", "created_by": "Cosmic_Penguin", "created_on": "2023-10-12T15:22:30Z" } ], "net": "2024-08-31T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 7, "name": "Month", "abbrev": "M", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the given month." }, "window_end": "2024-08-31T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2024-08-31T00:00:00Z", "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "SpX", "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": "2002", "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 362, "consecutive_successful_launches": 63, "successful_launches": 351, "failed_launches": 11, "pending_launches": 134, "consecutive_successful_landings": 25, "successful_landings": 313, "failed_landings": 24, "attempted_landings": 336, "info_url": "http://www.spacex.com/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_image_20190207032501.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_nation_20230531064544.jpg" }, "rocket": { "id": 7538, "configuration": { "id": 164, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "active": true, "reusable": true, "description": "Falcon 9 is a two-stage rocket designed and manufactured by SpaceX for the reliable and safe transport of satellites and the Dragon spacecraft into orbit. The Block 5 variant is the fifth major interval aimed at improving upon the ability for rapid reusability.", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "manufacturer": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "SpX", "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": "2002", "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 362, "consecutive_successful_launches": 63, "successful_launches": 351, "failed_launches": 11, "pending_launches": 134, "consecutive_successful_landings": 25, "successful_landings": 313, "failed_landings": 24, "attempted_landings": 336, "info_url": "http://www.spacex.com/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_image_20190207032501.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_nation_20230531064544.jpg" }, "program": [ { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/11/?format=api", "name": "Commercial Resupply Services", "description": "Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of flights awarded by NASA for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station.The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve cargo Dragon and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences for eight Cygnus flights, covering deliveries to 2016. The Falcon 9 and Antares rockets were also developed under the CRS program to deliver cargo spacecraft to the ISS.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 257, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/257/?format=api", "name": "Northrop Grumman Space Systems", "type": "Commercial" }, { "id": 1020, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1020/?format=api", "name": "Sierra Nevada Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/commercial2520_program_20201129212219.png", "start_date": "2008-12-23T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services#Commercial_Resupply_Services", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } }, { "id": 5, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/5/?format=api", "name": "Commercial Crew Program", "description": "The Commercial Crew Program (CCP) is a human spaceflight program operated by NASA, in association with American aerospace manufacturers Boeing and SpaceX. The program conducts rotations between the expeditions of the International Space Station program, transporting crews to and from the International Space Station (ISS) aboard Boeing Starliner and SpaceX Crew Dragon capsules, in the first crewed orbital spaceflights operated by private companies.", "agencies": [ { "id": 80, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/80/?format=api", "name": "Boeing", "type": "Commercial" }, { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/commercial2520_program_20200820201209.png", "start_date": "2011-04-18T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "variant": "Block 5", "alias": "", "min_stage": 1, "max_stage": 2, "length": 70.0, "diameter": 3.65, "maiden_flight": "2018-05-11", "launch_cost": "52000000", "launch_mass": 549, "leo_capacity": 22800, "gto_capacity": 8300, "to_thrust": 7607, "apogee": 200, "vehicle_range": null, "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_9_image_20230807133459.jpeg", "info_url": "https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-9/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcon_9", "total_launch_count": 279, "consecutive_successful_launches": 279, "successful_launches": 279, "failed_launches": 0, "pending_launches": 123, "attempted_landings": 273, "successful_landings": 269, "failed_landings": 4, "consecutive_successful_landings": 224 }, "launcher_stage": [ { "id": 255, "type": "Core", "reused": null, "launcher_flight_number": null, "launcher": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launcher/106/?format=api", "details": "Booster serial number unknown.", "flight_proven": false, "serial_number": "Unknown F9", "status": "N/A", "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/106_image_20230708172214.png", "successful_landings": null, "attempted_landings": null, "flights": null, "last_launch_date": null, "first_launch_date": null }, "landing": { "id": 283, "attempt": true, "success": null, "description": "The Falcon 9 first stage will attempt to land back at the launch site after this flight.", "downrange_distance": 14.9, "location": { "id": 4, "name": "Landing Zone 1", "abbrev": "LZ-1", "description": "LZ-1 Pad located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station at the previous LC-13", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "", "map_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/launch_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 952, "total_landing_count": 51 }, "successful_landings": 40 }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Return to Launch Site", "abbrev": "RTLS", "description": "A return to launch site usually means that after stage separation the booster flips and does a burn back towards the launch site, landing near where it initially launched from." } }, "previous_flight_date": null, "turn_around_time_days": null, "previous_flight": null } ], "spacecraft_stage": { "id": 777, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/flight/777/?format=api", "mission_end": null, "destination": "International Space Station", "launch_crew": [ { "id": 4857, "role": { "id": 1, "role": "Commander", "priority": 0 }, "astronaut": { "id": 575, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/575/?format=api", "name": "Zena Cardman", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1987-10-26", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/zenanaut", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/zenanaut/", "bio": "Zena Maria Cardman is an American marine biologist and a NASA astronaut of the class of 2017.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/zena2520cardman_image_20200110160428.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zena_Cardman", "last_flight": null, "first_flight": null } }, { "id": 4858, "role": { "id": 2, "role": "Pilot", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 9, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/9/?format=api", "name": "Nick Hague", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P202DT16H3M37S", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1975-09-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/AstroHague", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astrohague/", "bio": "Tyler Nicklaus Hague is an American Flight Test Engineer and a NASA astronaut of the class of 2013.\r\nSelected to be a flight engineer of Expedition 57 / 58 to the International Space Station, he launched on board Soyuz MS-10, which aborted shortly after launch on October 11, 2018.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/nick_hague_image_20220911034312.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hague", "last_flight": "2019-03-14T19:14:08Z", "first_flight": "2018-10-11T08:40:15Z" } }, { "id": 4860, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 785, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/785/?format=api", "name": "Aleksandr Gorbunov", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1990-05-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Born in Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region, Russia, he studied engineering with qualifications in spacecraft and upper stages from the Moscow Aviation Institute. Gorbunov graduated from the military department with a specialty in operation and repair of aircraft, helicopters, and aircraft engines. Before being selected as a cosmonaut in 2018, he worked as an engineer for Rocket Space Corporation Energia and supported cargo spacecraft launches from the Baikonur cosmodrome.", "profile_image": null, "wiki": null, "last_flight": null, "first_flight": null } }, { "id": 4859, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 515, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/515/?format=api", "name": "Stephanie Wilson", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P42DT23H45M24S", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1966-09-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Stephanie Diana Wilson is an American engineer and a NASA astronaut. She flew to space onboard three Space Shuttle missions, and is the second African American woman to go into space, after Mae Jemison. Her 42 days in space are the most of any African American astronaut, male or female.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/stephanie_wilso_image_20201214164451.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Wilson", "last_flight": "2010-04-05T10:21:22Z", "first_flight": "2006-07-04T18:37:55Z" } } ], "onboard_crew": [], "landing_crew": [ { "id": 4857, "role": { "id": 1, "role": "Commander", "priority": 0 }, "astronaut": { "id": 575, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/575/?format=api", "name": "Zena Cardman", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1987-10-26", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/zenanaut", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/zenanaut/", "bio": "Zena Maria Cardman is an American marine biologist and a NASA astronaut of the class of 2017.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/zena2520cardman_image_20200110160428.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zena_Cardman", "last_flight": null, "first_flight": null } }, { "id": 4858, "role": { "id": 2, "role": "Pilot", "priority": 2 }, "astronaut": { "id": 9, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/9/?format=api", "name": "Nick Hague", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P202DT16H3M37S", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1975-09-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/AstroHague", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/astrohague/", "bio": "Tyler Nicklaus Hague is an American Flight Test Engineer and a NASA astronaut of the class of 2013.\r\nSelected to be a flight engineer of Expedition 57 / 58 to the International Space Station, he launched on board Soyuz MS-10, which aborted shortly after launch on October 11, 2018.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/nick_hague_image_20220911034312.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Hague", "last_flight": "2019-03-14T19:14:08Z", "first_flight": "2018-10-11T08:40:15Z" } }, { "id": 4860, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 785, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/785/?format=api", "name": "Aleksandr Gorbunov", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1990-05-24", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Born in Zheleznogorsk, Kursk region, Russia, he studied engineering with qualifications in spacecraft and upper stages from the Moscow Aviation Institute. Gorbunov graduated from the military department with a specialty in operation and repair of aircraft, helicopters, and aircraft engines. Before being selected as a cosmonaut in 2018, he worked as an engineer for Rocket Space Corporation Energia and supported cargo spacecraft launches from the Baikonur cosmodrome.", "profile_image": null, "wiki": null, "last_flight": null, "first_flight": null } }, { "id": 464, "role": { "id": 7, "role": "Mission Specialist", "priority": 4 }, "astronaut": { "id": 515, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/515/?format=api", "name": "Stephanie Wilson", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P42DT23H45M24S", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "date_of_birth": "1966-09-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "bio": "Stephanie Diana Wilson is an American engineer and a NASA astronaut. She flew to space onboard three Space Shuttle missions, and is the second African American woman to go into space, after Mae Jemison. Her 42 days in space are the most of any African American astronaut, male or female.", "profile_image": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/stephanie_wilso_image_20201214164451.jpeg", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Wilson", "last_flight": "2010-04-05T10:21:22Z", "first_flight": "2006-07-04T18:37:55Z" } } ], "spacecraft": { "id": 452, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/spacecraft/452/?format=api", "name": "Crew Dragon", "serial_number": "TBD", "is_placeholder": true, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "time_docked": "P0D", "flights_count": 0, "mission_ends_count": 0, "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "description": "The specific spacecraft for this launch is currently unknown.", "spacecraft_config": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/spacecraft/6/?format=api", "name": "Crew Dragon 2", "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Capsule" }, "agency": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "SpX", "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": "2002", "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_image_20190207032501.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://spacelaunchnow-prod-east.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png" }, "in_use": true, "capability": "Crew Flights to ISS or Low Earth Orbit", "history": "Crew Dragon 2 is a spacecraft developed by SpaceX, an American private space transportation company based in Hawthorne, California. Dragon is launched into space by the SpaceX Falcon 9 two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle. It is one of two American Spacecraft being develeoped capable of lifting American Astronauts to the International Space Station.\r\n\r\nThe first crewed flight, launched on 30 May 2020 on a Falcon 9 rocket, and carried NASA astronauts Douglas Hurley and Robert Behnken to the International Space Station in the first crewed orbital spaceflight launched from the US since the final Space Shuttle mission in 2011, and the first ever operated by a commercial provider.", "details": "Crew Dragon 2 is capable of lifting four astronauts, or a combination of crew and cargo to and from low Earth orbit. 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