Previous Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/previous/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/previous/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/previous/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/previous/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/previous/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/previous/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - ll.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&offset=6130&ordering=net
{ "count": 7180, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6140&ordering=net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/previous/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6120&ordering=net", "results": [ { "id": "6619844e-4777-4f7f-81d6-9ef0c3308d1d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/6619844e-4777-4f7f-81d6-9ef0c3308d1d/?format=api", "name": "Kuaizhou-11 | Maiden Flight", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "kuaizhou-11-maiden-flight", "launch_designator": null, "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-08T08:20:42Z", "net": "2020-07-10T04:17:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2020-07-10T04:25:00Z", "window_start": "2020-07-10T04:02:00Z", "image": { "id": 2099, "name": "Kuaizhou 11 liftoff (Xingyun VDES)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kuaizhou_11_lif_image_20240520155835.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kuaizhou_11_lif_image_thumbnail_20240520155835.jpeg", "credit": "中国航天科工", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 194, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/194/?format=api", "name": "ExPace", "abbrev": "EP", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 2478, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 194, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/194/?format=api", "name": "Kuaizhou-11", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 100, "name": "Kuaizhou" } ], "full_name": "Kuaizhou-11", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1003, "name": "Maiden Flight", "type": "Test Flight", "description": "First flight of the new solid launcher developed by ExPace, subsidiary of CASIC. It will carry 2 communication satellites on this launch.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/21/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Launch Area 95A", "image": { "id": 1329, "name": "Ceres-1 liftoff from LA-95A (Jilin-1 High Resolution 03D-08, 51 to 54)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ceres-1252025_image_20230703100031.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192423.jpeg", "credit": "Galactic Energy", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=40.969117,100.343333", "latitude": 40.969117, "longitude": 100.343333, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_21_20200803143253.jpg", "total_launch_count": 59, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 59, "fastest_turnaround": "P2DT1H47M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/17/?format=api", "name": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7169, "successful_launches": 6625, "failed_launches": 544, "total_attempted_landings": 1113, "successful_landings": 1070, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is a Chinese spaceport located between the Ejin, Alxa, Inner Mongolia and Hangtian Town, Jinta County, Jiuquan, Gansu Province. It is part of the Dongfeng Aerospace City (Base 10).", "image": { "id": 1374, "name": "Long March 2F/G liftoff (Shenzhou 16)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march_image_20240101085213.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192548.jpeg", "credit": "CMS", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_17_20200803142429.jpg", "longitude": 100.291111, "latitude": 40.958056, "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 251, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5973, "location_launch_attempt_count": 128, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 19, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 10, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 51, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3 }, { "id": "6dfca218-bffa-4472-9d17-a838692d484d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/6dfca218-bffa-4472-9d17-a838692d484d/?format=api", "name": "Minotaur IV | NROL-129", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "minotaur-iv-nrol-129", "launch_designator": "2020-046", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:54:50Z", "net": "2020-07-15T13:46:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2020-07-15T13:46:00Z", "window_start": "2020-07-15T13:00:00Z", "image": { "id": 1786, "name": "Minotaur IV launching", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/minotaur_iv_lau_image_20240307170209.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/minotaur_iv_lau_image_thumbnail_20240307170209.jpeg", "credit": "USAF", "license": { "id": 17, "name": "Department of Defense Image Use Policy", "priority": 6, "link": "https://www.dimoc.mil/resources/limitations/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": 95, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 257, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/257/?format=api", "name": "Northrop Grumman Space Systems", "abbrev": "NGSS", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 2360, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 52, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/52/?format=api", "name": "Minotaur IV", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 119, "name": "Minotaur" } ], "full_name": "Minotaur IV", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1127, "name": "NROL-129", "type": "Government/Top Secret", "description": "Classified payload for the U.S. National Reconnaissance Office.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 56, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/56/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "abbrev": "NASA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" } ], "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": 1958, "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image": { "id": 19, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184631.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "logo": { "id": 161, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185043.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "social_logo": { "id": 76, "name": "[AUTO] National Aeronautics and Space Administration - social_logo", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_nation_20230803040809.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305184823.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] } } ], "name": "Launch Area 0 B", "image": { "id": 1983, "name": "Pad-0B", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pad-0b_image_20240310200126.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pad-0b_image_thumbnail_20240310200128.jpeg", "credit": "NASA/NASA Edge/Franklin Fitzgerald", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "LP-0B became operational in 1999,and was subsequently upgraded in 2003 with the construction of a mobile service tower, which was completed in 2004. It is active, and is currently used by Northrop Grumman Minotaur rockets. The first launch from LP-0B was of a Minotaur I in December 2006, and was the first launch from the Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport_Launch_Pad_0#Pad-0B", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=37.831,-75.4911", "latitude": 37.831, "longitude": -75.4911, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_56_20200803143541.jpg", "total_launch_count": 8, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 8, "fastest_turnaround": "P73DT21H48M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/21/?format=api", "name": "Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, USA", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7169, "successful_launches": 6625, "failed_launches": 544, "total_attempted_landings": 1113, "successful_landings": 1070, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 2, "name": "United States of America", "alpha_2_code": "US", "alpha_3_code": "USA", "nationality_name": "American", "nationality_name_composed": "Americano" }, "description": "Wallops Flight Facility is a rocket launch site on Wallops Island on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, United States, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and north-northeast of Norfolk. The facility is operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and primarily serves to support science and exploration missions for NASA and other federal agencies. WFF includes an extensively instrumented range to support launches of more than a dozen types of sounding rockets; small expendable suborbital and orbital rockets; high-altitude balloon flights carrying scientific instruments for atmospheric and astronomical research; and, using its Research Airport, flight tests of aeronautical research aircraft, including uncrewed aerial vehicles.", "image": { "id": 2227, "name": "Wallops Flight Facility", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/wallops_flight__image_20240920083715.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/wallops_flight__image_thumbnail_20240920083715.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_21_20200803142423.jpg", "longitude": -75.467778, "latitude": 37.933333, "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 80, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5974, "location_launch_attempt_count": 67, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 6, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 52, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2 }, { "id": "42370bdb-db93-4212-bda6-d91c177b2ea6", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/42370bdb-db93-4212-bda6-d91c177b2ea6/?format=api", "name": "H-IIA 202 | Hope (Emirates Mars Mission)", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "h-iia-202-hope-emirates-mars-mission", "launch_designator": "2020-047", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-07T12:52:39Z", "net": "2020-07-19T21:58:14Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "2020-07-19T21:58:14Z", "window_start": "2020-07-19T21:58:14Z", "image": { "id": 1482, "name": "H-IIA 202 liftoff (XRISM & SLIM)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia_202_lifto_image_20240325123250.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-iia_202_lifto_image_thumbnail_20240325123250.jpeg", "credit": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/infographic_images/h-iia25202022_infographic_20200806042051.png", "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 98, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/98/?format=api", "name": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "abbrev": "MHI", "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Commercial" } }, "rocket": { "id": 2708, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/32/?format=api", "name": "H-IIA", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "name": "H-II" } ], "full_name": "H-IIA 202", "variant": "202" } }, "mission": { "id": 913, "name": "Hope (Emirates Mars Mission)", "type": "Planetary Science", "description": "Hope Mars Mission, also known as Al-Amal, is UAE's first interplanetary space probe. It's an orbiter which will study Martian atmosphere and climate with the help of 3 science instruments: Emirates Exploration imager (EXI), Emirates Mars Ultraviolet Spectrometer (EMUS), and Emirates Mars Infrared Spectrometer (EMIR). These instruments were designed and built in collaboration with University of Colorado, University of California and Arizona State University. Hope is planned to arrive to Mars in February 2021 and has an expected lifetime of 2 years.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 6, "name": "Heliocentric N/A", "abbrev": "Helio-N/A", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 41, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/41/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "abbrev": "JAXA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": true, "country": [ { "id": 28, "name": "Japan", "alpha_2_code": "JP", "alpha_3_code": "JPN", "nationality_name": "Japanese", "nationality_name_composed": "Nippo" } ], "description": "The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is Japan's national aero-space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and the launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions, such as asteroid exploration and possible manned exploration of the Moon. 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