Launch List
Modes
Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed
Example - /launches/?mode=list
Filters
Parameters - agency_launch_attempt_count, agency_launch_attempt_count__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count__lte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, agency_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, day, id, include_suborbital, is_crewed, last_updated__gte, last_updated__lte, launch_designator, launcher_config__id, location__ids, location_launch_attempt_count, location_launch_attempt_count__gt, location_launch_attempt_count__gte, location_launch_attempt_count__lt, location_launch_attempt_count__lte, location_launch_attempt_count_year, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, location_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, lsp__id, lsp__name, mission__orbit__celestial_body__id, mission__orbit__name, mission__orbit__name__icontains, month, name, net__gt, net__gte, net__lt, net__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count__lte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, orbital_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, pad, pad__location, pad__location__celestial_body__id, pad_launch_attempt_count, pad_launch_attempt_count__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count__lte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__gte, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lt, pad_launch_attempt_count_year__lte, program, related_lsp__id, related_lsp__name, rocket__configuration__full_name, rocket__configuration__full_name__icontains, rocket__configuration__id, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name__icontains, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__id, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name__icontains, serial_number, slug, spacecraft_config__ids, status, status__ids, video_url, window_end__gt, window_end__gte, window_end__lt, window_end__lte, window_start__gt, window_start__gte, window_start__lt, window_start__lte, year
Example - /launches/?pad__location=13
Search
Fields searched - launch_designator, launch_service_provider__name, mission__name, name, pad__location__name, pad__name, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__abbrev, rocket__configuration__manufacturer__name, rocket__configuration__name, rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name
Example - /launches/?search=Starlink
Ordering
Fields - id, last_updated, name, net
Example - /launches/?ordering=-last_updated
Number of results
Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)
Example - /launches/?limit=2
Format
Switch to JSON output - /launches/?format=json
Help
Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - ll.thespacedevs.com/docs
GET /2.3.0/launches/?format=api&offset=6650&ordering=id
{ "count": 7516, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6660&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6640&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "e177f420-d6eb-4b45-ba6e-71009b7e270f", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/e177f420-d6eb-4b45-ba6e-71009b7e270f/?format=api", "name": "Long March 3B / YZ-1 | Beidou-3 M23 & M24", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "long-march-3b-yz-1-beidou-3-m23-m24", "launch_designator": "2019-061", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T14:30:50Z", "net": "2019-09-22T21:10:04Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "window_end": "2019-09-22T21:35:00Z", "window_start": "2019-09-22T20:55:00Z", "image": { "id": 1771, "name": "[AUTO] Long March 3 - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march25203_image_20200102181012.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193724.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 2549, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 78, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/78/?format=api", "name": "Long March 3B/YZ-1", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 106, "name": "Long March" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 110, "name": "Long March 3" } ], "full_name": "Long March 3B/YZ-1", "variant": "B/YZ-1" } }, "mission": { "id": 1038, "name": "Beidou-3 M23 & M24", "type": "Navigation", "description": "These two satellites will be used to provide global navigation coverage as part of the Chinese Beidou (Compass) satellite navigation system.", "image": null, "orbit": null, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 45, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/45/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Launch Complex 2 (LC-2)", "image": { "id": 1421, "name": "Long March 3B/E liftoff from LC-2 (Beidou-3 G4)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march_image_20230728061656.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192718.jpeg", "credit": "China Pictorial/Wanquan", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.245564,102.026751", "latitude": 28.245564, "longitude": 102.026751, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_45_20200803143520.jpg", "total_launch_count": 118, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 118, "fastest_turnaround": "P16DT14H32M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/16/?format=api", "name": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7163, "successful_launches": 6619, "failed_launches": 544, "total_attempted_landings": 1110, "successful_landings": 1067, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a spaceport in China. It is located in Zeyuan Town, northwest of Xichang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan.", "image": { "id": 1421, "name": "Long March 3B/E liftoff from LC-2 (Beidou-3 G4)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march_image_20230728061656.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192718.jpeg", "credit": "China Pictorial/Wanquan", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_16_20200803142513.jpg", "longitude": 102.026556, "latitude": 28.246017, "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 225, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/programs/35/?format=api", "name": "BeiDou", "image": { "id": 1894, "name": "[AUTO] BeiDou - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/beidou_program_20240102170615.png", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305194052.png", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "info_url": "http://en.beidou.gov.cn/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou", "description": "The BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned and operated by the China National Space Administration.[4] It is one of the global navigation satellite systems that provide geolocation and time information to a BDS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more BDS satellites.", "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/17/?format=api", "name": "China National Space Administration", "abbrev": "CNSA", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } } ], "start_date": "2000-10-31T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Navigation Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5886, "location_launch_attempt_count": 134, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 81, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 259, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 66, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 15 }, { "id": "e17ccf7b-b79d-4954-84f8-dca015b38bd4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/e17ccf7b-b79d-4954-84f8-dca015b38bd4/?format=api", "name": "Long March 4B | Tianhui-2-01", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "long-march-4b-tianhui-2-01", "launch_designator": "2019-024", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T14:19:42Z", "net": "2019-04-29T22:52:05Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "window_end": "2019-04-29T22:52:05Z", "window_start": "2019-04-29T22:52:05Z", "image": { "id": 1775, "name": "[AUTO] Long March 4B - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march25204_image_20190430065008.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305193731.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "abbrev": "CASC", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 2466, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 10, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/10/?format=api", "name": "Long March 4B", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 106, "name": "Long March" }, { "response_mode": "list", "id": 111, "name": "Long March 4" } ], "full_name": "Long March 4B", "variant": "B" } }, "mission": { "id": 992, "name": "Tianhui-2-01", "type": "Earth Science", "description": "At 22:52 UTC on April 29, 2019, China used a Long March 4B rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center to successfully launch two Tianhui-2-01 satellites. The satellites will be used for scientific experiments, land resource survey, geographic survey and mapping.", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 25, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/25/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [], "name": "Launch Complex 9", "image": { "id": 2125, "name": "CZ-4B liftoff from LC-9 (Gaofen-11-05)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-4b_liftoff__image_20240719064703.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-4b_liftoff__image_thumbnail_20240719064704.jpeg", "credit": "中国航天科技集团", "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=38.863128,111.589567", "latitude": 38.863128, "longitude": 111.589567, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_25_20200803143501.jpg", "total_launch_count": 76, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 76, "fastest_turnaround": "P16DT20H3M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 19, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/19/?format=api", "name": "Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7163, "successful_launches": 6619, "failed_launches": 544, "total_attempted_landings": 1110, "successful_landings": 1067, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 6, "name": "China", "alpha_2_code": "CN", "alpha_3_code": "CHN", "nationality_name": "Chinese", "nationality_name_composed": "Sino" }, "description": "The Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center is a People's Republic of China space and defense launch facility. It is situated in Kelan County, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province and is the second of four launch sites having been founded in March 1966 and coming into full operation in 1968.", "image": { "id": 1369, "name": "[AUTO] Long March 2D | 6 x Jilin-1, Qilu-2/3 & others - image", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march_image_20230907134308.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192538.jpeg", "credit": null, "license": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown", "priority": 9, "link": null }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_19_20200803142421.jpg", "longitude": 111.608, "latitude": 38.8491, "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 141, "total_landing_count": 0 } }, "webcast_live": false, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5847, "location_launch_attempt_count": 73, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 37, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 250, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 27, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 6 }, { "id": "e17f0e0e-460c-4a5d-b272-56813fcaadf0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launches/e17f0e0e-460c-4a5d-b272-56813fcaadf0/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB | Foton 9", "response_mode": "normal", "slug": "soyuz-u-pvb-foton-9", "launch_designator": "1994-033", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:51:48Z", "net": "1994-06-14T16:05:00Z", "net_precision": null, "window_end": "1994-06-14T16:05:00Z", "window_start": "1994-06-14T16:05:00Z", "image": null, "infographic": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "abbrev": "VKS", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" } }, "rocket": { "id": 6591, "configuration": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 378, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/launcher_configurations/378/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "families": [ { "response_mode": "list", "id": 147, "name": "Soyuz" } ], "full_name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "variant": "U-PVB" } }, "mission": { "id": 4981, "name": "Foton 9", "type": "Materials Science", "description": "Microgravity research satellite", "image": null, "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "list", "id": 1, "name": "Earth" } }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/pads/36/?format=api", "active": true, "agencies": [ { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 163, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/163/?format=api", "name": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "abbrev": "VKO", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Government" }, "featured": false, "country": [ { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" } ], "description": null, "administrator": null, "founding_year": null, "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "", "parent": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "image": null, "logo": null, "social_logo": null } ], "name": "43/3 (43L)", "image": { "id": 1461, "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M liftoff from pad 43/3 (Glonass-K2 No. 13, Kosmos 2569)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz25202.1b_image_20230807181912.jpg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305192834.jpeg", "credit": "Mil.ru", "license": { "id": 30, "name": "CC BY 4.0", "priority": 4, "link": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" }, "single_use": false, "variants": [] }, "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": 62.9273, "longitude": 40.45, "country": { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" }, "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 230, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 230, "fastest_turnaround": "P2DT17H44M", "location": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/locations/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "celestial_body": { "response_mode": "normal", "id": 1, "name": "Earth", "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Planet" }, "diameter": 12742000.0, "mass": 5.972168e+24, "gravity": 9.80655, "length_of_day": "1 00:00:00", "atmosphere": true, "image": { "id": 2040, "name": "Earth (Apollo 17)", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_20240402194304.jpeg", "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/earth_2528apol_image_thumbnail_20240402194305.jpeg", "credit": "NASA", "license": { "id": 4, "name": "NASA Image and Media Guidelines", "priority": 0, "link": "https://www.nasa.gov/nasa-brand-center/images-and-media/" }, "single_use": true, "variants": [] }, "description": "Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth", "total_attempted_launches": 7163, "successful_launches": 6619, "failed_launches": 544, "total_attempted_landings": 1110, "successful_landings": 1067, "failed_landings": 43 }, "active": true, "country": { "id": 5, "name": "Russia", "alpha_2_code": "RU", "alpha_3_code": "RUS", "nationality_name": "Russian", "nationality_name_composed": "Russo" }, "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. 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