Modes

Levels of detail in the response - list, normal, detailed

Example - /astronauts/?mode=list

Filters

Parameters - age, age__gt, age__gte, age__lt, age__lte, agency_ids, date_of_birth, date_of_birth__gt, date_of_birth__gte, date_of_birth__lt, date_of_birth__lte, date_of_death, date_of_death__gt, date_of_death__gte, date_of_death__lt, date_of_death__lte, first_flight, first_flight__gt, first_flight__gte, first_flight__lt, first_flight__lte, flights_count, flights_count__gt, flights_count__gte, flights_count__lt, flights_count__lte, has_flown, in_space, is_human, landings_count, landings_count__gt, landings_count__gte, landings_count__lt, landings_count__lte, last_flight, last_flight__gt, last_flight__gte, last_flight__lt, last_flight__lte, nationality, status_ids, type__id

Example - /astronauts/?has_flown=true

Fields searched - agency__abbrev, agency__name, name, nationality__nationality_name

Example - /astronauts/?search=Pesquet

Ordering

Fields - age, date_of_birth, eva_time, flights_count, id, landings_count, last_flight, name, spacewalks_count, status, time_in_space

Example - /astronauts/?ordering=-time_in_space

Number of results

Use limit to control the number of objects in the response (max 100)

Example - /astronauts/?limit=2

Format

Switch to JSON output - /astronauts/?format=json

Help

Find all the FAQs and support links on the documentation homepage - ll.thespacedevs.com/docs

GET /2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&offset=310&ordering=time_in_space
HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept

{
    "count": 813,
    "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=320&ordering=time_in_space",
    "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/?format=api&limit=10&offset=300&ordering=time_in_space",
    "results": [
        {
            "id": 484,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/484/?format=api",
            "name": "Yi So-yeon",
            "status": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Retired"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 261,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/261/?format=api",
                "name": "Korean Astronaut Program",
                "abbrev": "KAP",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 909,
                "name": "[AUTO] Yi So-yeon - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/yi2520so-yeon_image_20181202184152.jpg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191115.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P10DT21H13M21S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 47,
            "date_of_birth": "1978-06-02",
            "date_of_death": null,
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 35,
                    "name": "South Korea",
                    "alpha_2_code": "KR",
                    "alpha_3_code": "KOR",
                    "nationality_name": "South Korean",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "South Korean"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Yi So-yeon (born June 2, 1978) is an astronaut and biotechnologist who became the first Korean to fly in space.\r\nYi was one of the two finalists chosen on December 25, 2006 through the Korean Astronaut Program. On September 5, 2007, the Korean Ministry of Science and Technology chose Ko San, over Yi So-yeon, following performance and other tests during their training in Russia.\r\n\r\nOn March 7, 2008, she was selected to train with the primary crew, and on March 10 the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology announced that Yi would replace Ko. This was after the Russian Federal Space Agency asked for a replacement, because Ko violated regulations several times at a Russian training center by removing sensitive reading materials and mailing one back to Korea. On April 8, 2008, Yi was launched into space on board Soyuz TMA-12 with two Russian cosmonauts. South Korea is reported to have paid Russia $20 million for Yi's space flight. She is the third woman, after Helen Sharman of the United Kingdom and Anousheh Ansari an Iranian American, to be the first national from their country in space.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yi_So-yeon",
            "last_flight": "2008-04-08T11:16:39Z",
            "first_flight": "2008-04-08T11:16:39Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 1,
            "landings_count": 1,
            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 254,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/254/?format=api",
            "name": "Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor",
            "status": {
                "id": 1,
                "name": "Active"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 43,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/43/?format=api",
                "name": "Malaysian National Space Agency",
                "abbrev": "ANGKASA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 623,
                "name": "[AUTO] Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sheikh2520muszaphar2520shukor_image_20181201221035.jpg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190334.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P10DT21H13M21S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 52,
            "date_of_birth": "1972-07-27",
            "date_of_death": null,
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 37,
                    "name": "Malaysia",
                    "alpha_2_code": "MY",
                    "alpha_3_code": "MYS",
                    "nationality_name": "Malaysian",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Malaysian"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor Al Masrie bin Sheikh Mustapha (born 27 July 1972) is a Malaysian orthopaedic surgeon and the first Malaysian astronaut. He launched to the International Space Station aboard Soyuz TMA-11 with the Expedition 16 crew on 10 October 2007. Sheikh Muszaphar flew under an agreement with Russia through the Angkasawan program, and returned to Earth on 21 October 2007, aboard Soyuz TMA-10 with the Expedition 15 crew members, Fyodor Yurchikhin and Oleg Kotov.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheikh_Muszaphar_Shukor",
            "last_flight": "2007-10-10T13:22:39Z",
            "first_flight": "2007-10-10T13:22:39Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 1,
            "landings_count": 1,
            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 621,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/621/?format=api",
            "name": "Guy Laliberté",
            "status": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Retired"
            },
            "agency": null,
            "image": {
                "id": 768,
                "name": "[AUTO] Guy Laliberté - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/guy2520lalibert25c325a9_image_20190211162321.jpeg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190729.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 4,
                "name": "Non-Astronaut Passenger"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P10DT21H17M15S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 65,
            "date_of_birth": "1959-09-02",
            "date_of_death": null,
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 26,
                    "name": "Canada",
                    "alpha_2_code": "CA",
                    "alpha_3_code": "CAN",
                    "nationality_name": "Canadian",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Canado"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Guy Laliberté. (born 2 September 1959) is a Canadian businessman, investor, poker player, and musician. \r\n\r\nIn September 2009, Guy Laliberté became the first Canadian space tourist. His spaceflight was dedicated to raising awareness on water issues facing humankind on planet Earth, making his spaceflight the first, in his words, \"poetic social mission\" in space.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Laliberté",
            "last_flight": "2009-09-30T07:14:45Z",
            "first_flight": "2009-09-30T07:14:45Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 1,
            "landings_count": 1,
            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 373,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/373/?format=api",
            "name": "Mary L. Cleave",
            "status": {
                "id": 11,
                "name": "Deceased"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 44,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                "abbrev": "NASA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 437,
                "name": "[AUTO] Mary L. Cleave - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mary2520l.2520cleave_image_20181202120740.jpg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185842.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P10DT22H1S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 76,
            "date_of_birth": "1947-02-05",
            "date_of_death": "2023-11-27",
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 2,
                    "name": "United States of America",
                    "alpha_2_code": "US",
                    "alpha_3_code": "USA",
                    "nationality_name": "American",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Americano"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Mary Louise Cleave was an American engineer and NASA astronaut. She also served from 2004 to 2007 as NASA Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_L._Cleave",
            "last_flight": "1989-05-04T18:46:59Z",
            "first_flight": "1985-11-27T00:29:00Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 2,
            "landings_count": 2,
            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 485,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/485/?format=api",
            "name": "Duane G. Carey",
            "status": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Retired"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 44,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                "abbrev": "NASA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 224,
                "name": "[AUTO] Duane G. Carey - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/duane2520g.2520carey_image_20181203153744.jpg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185248.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P10DT22H10M58S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 68,
            "date_of_birth": "1957-04-30",
            "date_of_death": null,
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 2,
                    "name": "United States of America",
                    "alpha_2_code": "US",
                    "alpha_3_code": "USA",
                    "nationality_name": "American",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Americano"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Duane Gene \"Digger\" Carey is a retired lieutenant colonel in the United States Air Force and a former NASA astronaut.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duane_G._Carey",
            "last_flight": "2002-03-01T11:22:02Z",
            "first_flight": "2002-03-01T11:22:02Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 1,
            "landings_count": 1,
            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 37,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/37/?format=api",
            "name": "Gene Cernan",
            "status": {
                "id": 11,
                "name": "Deceased"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 44,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                "abbrev": "NASA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 466,
                "name": "[AUTO] Gene Cernan - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gene2520cernan_image_20190426143647.jpeg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185928.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P11DT23M27S",
            "eva_time": "P1DT10M57S",
            "age": 82,
            "date_of_birth": "1934-03-14",
            "date_of_death": "2017-01-16",
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 2,
                    "name": "United States of America",
                    "alpha_2_code": "US",
                    "alpha_3_code": "USA",
                    "nationality_name": "American",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Americano"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Eugene Andrew Cernan was an American astronaut, naval aviator, electrical engineer, aeronautical engineer, and fighter pilot. During the Apollo 17 mission, Cernan became the eleventh person to walk on the Moon. Since he re-entered the lunar module after Harrison Schmitt on their third and final lunar excursion, he is the last person to have walked on the Moon.\r\n\r\nCernan traveled into space three times; as pilot of Gemini 9A in June 1966, as lunar module pilot of Apollo 10 in May 1969, and as commander of Apollo 17 in December 1972, the final Apollo lunar landing. Cernan was also a backup crew member of the Gemini 12, Apollo 7 and Apollo 14 space missions.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Cernan",
            "last_flight": "1972-12-14T22:54:37Z",
            "first_flight": "1966-06-03T13:39:33Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 3,
            "landings_count": 3,
            "spacewalks_count": 4
        },
        {
            "id": 38,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/38/?format=api",
            "name": "Michael Collins",
            "status": {
                "id": 11,
                "name": "Deceased"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 44,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/44/?format=api",
                "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration",
                "abbrev": "NASA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 267,
                "name": "[AUTO] Michael Collins - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/michael_collins_image_20210428162316.jpeg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185402.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P11DT2H4M34S",
            "eva_time": "PT1H28M",
            "age": 90,
            "date_of_birth": "1930-10-31",
            "date_of_death": "2021-04-28",
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 2,
                    "name": "United States of America",
                    "alpha_2_code": "US",
                    "alpha_3_code": "USA",
                    "nationality_name": "American",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Americano"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Michael Collins (born October 31, 1930) (Major General, USAF, Ret.) was an American former astronaut and test pilot. Selected as part of the third group of fourteen astronauts in 1963, he flew into space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed two rendezvous with different spacecraft and undertook two extra-vehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His second spaceflight was as the Command Module Pilot for Apollo 11. While he stayed in orbit around the Moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin left in the Lunar Module to make the first manned landing on its surface. He is one of 24 people to have flown to the Moon. Collins was the fourth person, and third American, to perform an EVA; and is the first person to have performed more than one EVA.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Collins_(astronaut)",
            "last_flight": "1969-07-16T13:32:00Z",
            "first_flight": "1966-07-18T22:20:26Z",
            "social_media_links": [
                {
                    "id": 9,
                    "social_media": {
                        "id": 1,
                        "name": "X",
                        "url": "https://x.com",
                        "logo": {
                            "id": 2320,
                            "name": "X logo",
                            "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_20250211191027.jpg",
                            "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x_logo_image_thumbnail_20250211191027.jpeg",
                            "credit": "X",
                            "license": {
                                "id": 1,
                                "name": "Unknown",
                                "priority": 9,
                                "link": null
                            },
                            "single_use": true,
                            "variants": []
                        }
                    },
                    "url": "https://twitter.com/AstroMCollins"
                }
            ],
            "flights_count": 2,
            "landings_count": 2,
            "spacewalks_count": 2
        },
        {
            "id": 264,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/264/?format=api",
            "name": "Gerhard Thiele",
            "status": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Retired"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 27,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/27/?format=api",
                "name": "European Space Agency",
                "abbrev": "ESA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 2,
                    "name": "Multinational"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 691,
                "name": "[AUTO] Gerhard Thiele - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gerhard2520thiele_image_20181201222259.jpg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190520.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
                    "priority": 9,
                    "link": null
                },
                "single_use": true,
                "variants": []
            },
            "response_mode": "normal",
            "type": {
                "id": 2,
                "name": "Government"
            },
            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P11DT5H39M20S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 71,
            "date_of_birth": "1953-09-02",
            "date_of_death": null,
            "nationality": [
                {
                    "id": 4,
                    "name": "Germany",
                    "alpha_2_code": "DE",
                    "alpha_3_code": "DEU",
                    "nationality_name": "German",
                    "nationality_name_composed": "Germano"
                }
            ],
            "bio": "Dr. Gerhard Paul Julius Thiele (born September 2, 1953) is a German physicist and a former ESA astronaut.\r\nIn 1996, he was selected by the German Space Agency to receive Space Shuttle Mission Specialist training at NASA. In August 1998, he joined the European Space Agency (ESA), into which the German national team was integrated. In 2000, he completed his only spaceflight, the STS-99 Shuttle Radar Topography Mission.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhard_Thiele",
            "last_flight": "2000-02-11T17:43:40Z",
            "first_flight": "2000-02-11T17:43:40Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
            "flights_count": 1,
            "landings_count": 1,
            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 202,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/202/?format=api",
            "name": "Boris Morukov",
            "status": {
                "id": 11,
                "name": "Deceased"
            },
            "agency": {
                "response_mode": "list",
                "id": 63,
                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api",
                "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)",
                "abbrev": "RFSA",
                "type": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Government"
                }
            },
            "image": {
                "id": 878,
                "name": "[AUTO] Boris Morukov - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/boris2520morukov_image_20181201180150.jpg",
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            "bio": "Boris Vladimirovich Morukov (Russian: Бори́с Влади́мирович Моруков; 1 October 1950 – 1 January 2015) was a Russian physician at the State Research Center RF-Institute for Biomedical Problems (IBMP). He trained with the Russian Federal Space Agency as a research-cosmonaut and flew aboard NASA Space Shuttle mission STS-106 as a mission specialist.",
            "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Morukov",
            "last_flight": "2000-09-08T12:45:47Z",
            "first_flight": "2000-09-08T12:45:47Z",
            "social_media_links": [],
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            "spacewalks_count": 0
        },
        {
            "id": 280,
            "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/astronauts/280/?format=api",
            "name": "Igor Volk",
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                "name": "Deceased"
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                "response_mode": "list",
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                "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.3.0/agencies/63/?format=api",
                "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)",
                "abbrev": "RFSA",
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            "image": {
                "id": 796,
                "name": "[AUTO] Igor Volk - image",
                "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/igor2520volk_image_20181201224413.jpg",
                "thumbnail_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190811.jpeg",
                "credit": null,
                "license": {
                    "id": 1,
                    "name": "Unknown",
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            "in_space": false,
            "time_in_space": "P11DT19H14M36S",
            "eva_time": "P0D",
            "age": 79,
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                    "alpha_2_code": "RU",
                    "alpha_3_code": "RUS",
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            "bio": "Igor Petrovich Volk (Russian: Игорь Петрович Волк; Ukrainian: Ігор Петрович Волк; 12 April 1937 – 3 January 2017) was a cosmonaut and test pilot in the Soviet Union.\r\nIgor Volk was selected as a cosmonaut on 12 July 1977 and flew as Research Cosmonaut on Soyuz T-12, the 7th expedition to Salyut 7. One goal of the mission was to test the effects of long-duration spaceflight on Volk's return flight piloting as a precursor to piloting the Space Shuttle Buran. He served as the head of cosmonaut training for the Buran program and after the project's cancellation, as a Flight Tests Deputy at the Gromov Flight Research Institute in 1995 before retiring in 1996. He previously served as President of the National Aero Club of Russia and Vice President of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. As recognition for his contributions as a test pilot and cosmonaut he was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union on 29 July 1984.",
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}