Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=790&ordering=-id
{ "count": 7507, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=800&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=780&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "e3fda7d9-65d8-4a8a-8871-e2a6b4658bbc", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3fda7d9-65d8-4a8a-8871-e2a6b4658bbc/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-2-us-p-18", "name": "Tsiklon-2 | US-P 18", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:17Z", "net": "1984-05-30T18:46:00Z", "window_end": "1984-05-30T18:46:00Z", "window_start": "1984-05-30T18:46:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5638, "configuration": { "id": 443, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/443/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-2", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4040, "name": "US-P 18", "description": "Ocean surveillance satellite using passive ELINT devices", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 132, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/132/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "90", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.081,62.929806", "latitude": "46.081", "longitude": "62.929806", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_132_20200803143344.jpg", "total_launch_count": 74, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 74 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tsyklon-2_lifto_image_20240411113159.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2828, "location_launch_attempt_count": 710, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 44, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1799, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 53, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 40, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e3f8e755-0867-413a-a05a-15ca06ce7fa3", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3f8e755-0867-413a-a05a-15ca06ce7fa3/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-5-eca-syracuse-4b-heinrich-hertz-h2sat", "name": "Ariane 5 ECA+ | Syracuse 4B & Heinrich Hertz (H2Sat)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T14:13:35Z", "net": "2023-07-05T22:00:07Z", "window_end": "2023-07-05T23:05:00Z", "window_start": "2023-07-05T22:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7603, "configuration": { "id": 215, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/215/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 5 ECA+", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 5 ECA+", "variant": "ECA+" } }, "mission": { "id": 6078, "name": "Syracuse 4B & Heinrich Hertz (H2Sat)", "description": "Syracuse 4B is a French military communications satellite built by Thales Alenia Space. Heinrich Hertz (H2Sat) is a small geostationary communications satellite built by OHB System and the German Aerospace Center (DLR) to explore and test new broadband communications technologies.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 77, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/77/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 3", "description": "ELA-3, is a launch pad and associated facilities at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. ELA-3 was operated by Arianespace as part of the expendable launch system for Ariane 5 launch vehicles.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-3", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.239,-52.768", "latitude": "5.239", "longitude": "-52.768", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 325, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_77_20200803143458.jpg", "total_launch_count": 118, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 118 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane2520525_image_20230706052641.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6467, "location_launch_attempt_count": 319, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 118, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 314, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 99, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e3f345de-b866-4989-b2c2-edccf4305324", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3f345de-b866-4989-b2c2-edccf4305324/?format=api", "slug": "momo-flight-6", "name": "MOMO | Flight 6", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:19:28Z", "net": "2021-07-31T08:00:00Z", "window_end": "2021-07-31T09:20:00Z", "window_start": "2021-07-31T07:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1002, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1002/?format=api", "name": "Interstellar Technologies", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 2971, "configuration": { "id": 466, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/466/?format=api", "name": "MOMO v1", "family": "MOMO", "full_name": "MOMO v1", "variant": "v1" } }, "mission": { "id": 1399, "name": "Flight 6", "description": "Despite the MOMO unit's number, this is the seventh flight of the sounding rocket. Company aims to reach space for the third time.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Suborbital", "orbit": { "id": 15, "name": "Suborbital", "abbrev": "Sub" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/106/?format=api", "agency_id": 1002, "name": "Launch Complex 0", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiki_Aerospace_Research_Field", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=42.50000000,143.441389", "latitude": "42.5", "longitude": "143.441389", "location": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/32/?format=api", "name": "Hokkaido Spaceport, Japan", "country_code": "JPN", "description": "Rocket launch pad of Interstellar Technologies, located next to the Taiki Aerospace Research Field.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_32_20200803142407.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 7, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "JPN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_106_20200803143453.jpg", "total_launch_count": 7, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/momo_image_20190705174455.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": null, "location_launch_attempt_count": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 7, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 0, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e3ec603e-b05d-49df-bf81-e7cc4e940ea9", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3ec603e-b05d-49df-bf81-e7cc4e940ea9/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-4-44", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-4 44", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:16Z", "net": "1968-07-16T13:10:00Z", "window_end": "1968-07-16T13:10:00Z", "window_start": "1968-07-16T13:10:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3804, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2222, "name": "Zenit-4 44", "description": "Zenit-4 film-return reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1675, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_168_20200803143446.jpg", "total_launch_count": 310, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 310 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 856, "location_launch_attempt_count": 54, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 36, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 334, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 68, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 45, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e3df2ecd-c239-472f-95e4-2b89b4f75800", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3df2ecd-c239-472f-95e4-2b89b4f75800/?format=api", "slug": "sputnik-8k74ps-sputnik-1", "name": "Sputnik 8K74PS | Sputnik 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-17T19:17:35Z", "net": "1957-10-04T19:28:34Z", "window_end": "1957-10-04T19:28:34Z", "window_start": "1957-10-04T19:28:34Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3003, "configuration": { "id": 468, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/468/?format=api", "name": "Sputnik 8K74PS", "family": "Sputnik", "full_name": "Sputnik 8K74PS", "variant": "8K74PS" } }, "mission": { "id": 1430, "name": "Sputnik 1", "description": "First artificial satellite consisting of a 58 cm pressurized aluminium shell containing two 1 W transmitters for a total mass of 83.6 kg.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sputnik_8k74ps_image_20210830185541.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e3dd4649-6c3b-4dab-8f65-5e3617cae05e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3dd4649-6c3b-4dab-8f65-5e3617cae05e/?format=api", "slug": "delta-8930-dm-f3", "name": "Delta 8930 | DM-F3", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:42:58Z", "net": "2000-08-23T11:05:02Z", "window_end": "2000-08-23T11:05:02Z", "window_start": "2000-08-23T11:05:02Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7005, "configuration": { "id": 310, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/310/?format=api", "name": "Delta III", "family": "Delta", "full_name": "Delta III 8930", "variant": "8930" } }, "mission": { "id": 5394, "name": "DM-F3", "description": "DM-F3 (Delta Mission Flight Three) is a simulated payload made up of steel and aluminum plates and cylinders that produce the same dynamic characteristics and mass properties of a Hughes HS-601 satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 1, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/1/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 17B", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4458,-80.5657", "latitude": "28.4458", "longitude": "-80.5657", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1025, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_1_20200803143208.jpg", "total_launch_count": 132, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 132 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4417, "location_launch_attempt_count": 583, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 115, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1026, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 50, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e3c64d76-9a3b-47e7-91e4-174e55226af8", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3c64d76-9a3b-47e7-91e4-174e55226af8/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-strela-2m-36", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Strela-2M 36", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:57Z", "net": "1985-01-17T17:46:00Z", "window_end": "1985-01-17T17:46:00Z", "window_start": "1985-01-17T17:46:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5715, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 4116, "name": "Strela-2M 36", "description": "Military communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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