Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=7480&ordering=-name
https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7490&ordering=-name", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7470&ordering=-name", "results": [ { "id": "47d27bb2-4161-40e0-9ebc-add33906a435", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/47d27bb2-4161-40e0-9ebc-add33906a435/?format=api", "slug": "antares-110-cygnus-orb-1-ss-g-david-low", "name": "Antares 110 | Cygnus Orb-1 (S.S. G. David Low)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:58:39Z", "net": "2013-09-18T14:58:02Z", "window_end": "2013-09-18T14:58:02Z", "window_start": "2013-09-18T14:58:02Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/100/?format=api", "name": "Orbital Sciences Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 1703, "configuration": { "id": 69, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/69/?format=api", "name": "Antares 110", "family": "Antares", "full_name": "Antares 110", "variant": "110" } }, "mission": { "id": 967, "name": "Cygnus Orb-D1 (S.S. G. David Low)", "description": "This is the demonstration mission under NASA's Commercial Resupply Service agreement with Orbital Sciences. The unmanned Cygnus cargo vessel delivered approximately 700kg of supplies and science experiments to the International Space Station.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Resupply", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 76, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/76/?format=api", "agency_id": 44, "name": "Launch Area 0 A", "description": "LP-0A was first built for the failed Conestoga rocket program. The original launch tower was subsequently demolished in September 2008. A new pad facility was built from 2009 to 2011 for Orbital Sciences Taurus II, now renamed Antares.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport_Launch_Pad_0#Pad_0A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=37.8337,-75.4881", "latitude": "37.8337", "longitude": "-75.4881", "location": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/21/?format=api", "name": "Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Wallops Flight Facility is a rocket launch site on Wallops Island on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, United States, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and north-northeast of Norfolk. The facility is operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and primarily serves to support science and exploration missions for NASA and other federal agencies. WFF includes an extensively instrumented range to support launches of more than a dozen types of sounding rockets; small expendable suborbital and orbital rockets; high-altitude balloon flights carrying scientific instruments for atmospheric and astronomical research; and, using its Research Airport, flight tests of aeronautical research aircraft, including uncrewed aerial vehicles.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_21_20200803142423.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 80, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_76_20200803143538.jpg", "total_launch_count": 19, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 19 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/antares_110_lau_image_20240308082903.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/17/?format=api", "name": "International Space Station", "description": "The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the sixteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in 1984 by President Ronald Reagan, during the Space Station Freedom project as it was originally called.", "agencies": [ { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api", "name": "Canadian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "type": "Multinational" }, { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/international2_program_20201129184745.png", "start_date": "1998-11-20T06:40:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5321, "location_launch_attempt_count": 55, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 68, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 53, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "a45d8cb5-dd94-426f-b7e8-f06af98c6028", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/a45d8cb5-dd94-426f-b7e8-f06af98c6028/?format=api", "slug": "antares-110-cygnus-mass-simulator", "name": "Antares 110 | Cygnus Mass Simulator", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:58:45Z", "net": "2013-04-21T21:00:02Z", "window_end": "2013-04-21T21:00:02Z", "window_start": "2013-04-21T21:00:02Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/100/?format=api", "name": "Orbital Sciences Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 1670, "configuration": { "id": 69, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/69/?format=api", "name": "Antares 110", "family": "Antares", "full_name": "Antares 110", "variant": "110" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 76, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/76/?format=api", "agency_id": 44, "name": "Launch Area 0 A", "description": "LP-0A was first built for the failed Conestoga rocket program. The original launch tower was subsequently demolished in September 2008. A new pad facility was built from 2009 to 2011 for Orbital Sciences Taurus II, now renamed Antares.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport_Launch_Pad_0#Pad_0A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=37.8337,-75.4881", "latitude": "37.8337", "longitude": "-75.4881", "location": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/21/?format=api", "name": "Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Wallops Flight Facility is a rocket launch site on Wallops Island on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, United States, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and north-northeast of Norfolk. The facility is operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and primarily serves to support science and exploration missions for NASA and other federal agencies. WFF includes an extensively instrumented range to support launches of more than a dozen types of sounding rockets; small expendable suborbital and orbital rockets; high-altitude balloon flights carrying scientific instruments for atmospheric and astronomical research; and, using its Research Airport, flight tests of aeronautical research aircraft, including uncrewed aerial vehicles.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_21_20200803142423.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 80, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_76_20200803143538.jpg", "total_launch_count": 19, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 19 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/antares_110_lau_image_20240308082903.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5285, "location_launch_attempt_count": 53, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 65, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5285, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "a7da3f16-045c-451c-bc0b-19689ed5c104", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/a7da3f16-045c-451c-bc0b-19689ed5c104/?format=api", "slug": "angara-a5briz-m-ipm", "name": "Angara A5/Briz-M | IPM", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-01-02T17:15:29Z", "net": "2014-12-23T05:57:00Z", "window_end": "2014-12-23T05:57:00Z", "window_start": "2014-12-23T05:57:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1814, "configuration": { "id": 504, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/504/?format=api", "name": "Angara A5/Briz-M", "family": "Angara", "full_name": "Angara A5/Briz-M", "variant": "A5/Briz-M" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 42, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/42/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "35/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_35", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.927319,40.574897", "latitude": "62.927319", "longitude": "40.574897", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_42_20200803143543.jpg", "total_launch_count": 8, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 8 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/angara_a52fbri_image_20240102171438.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5437, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1602, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 172, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5437, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "5ef7ae3d-8667-49c9-aeea-548a34f82776", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/5ef7ae3d-8667-49c9-aeea-548a34f82776/?format=api", "slug": "angara-a5briz-m-dummy-payload", "name": "Angara A5/Briz-M | Dummy payload", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-01-02T17:15:46Z", "net": "2020-12-14T05:50:00Z", "window_end": "2020-12-14T05:50:00Z", "window_start": "2020-12-14T05:50:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2563, "configuration": { "id": 504, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/504/?format=api", "name": "Angara A5/Briz-M", "family": "Angara", "full_name": "Angara A5/Briz-M", "variant": "A5/Briz-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 1218, "name": "Dummy payload", "description": "This is the second test flight of the Angara-A5 launch vehicle. It carries mass simulator payload which is to be delivered to geostationary orbit.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 42, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/42/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "35/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_35", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.927319,40.574897", "latitude": "62.927319", "longitude": "40.574897", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_42_20200803143543.jpg", "total_launch_count": 8, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 8 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/angara_a52fbri_image_20240102171438.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6029, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1641, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 186, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 107, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1b8e6f37-c703-4e48-b160-470ffe5ecb26", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1b8e6f37-c703-4e48-b160-470ffe5ecb26/?format=api", "slug": "angara-a5blok-dm-03-vostochny-angara-test-flight", "name": "Angara A5/Blok DM-03 | Vostochny Angara Test Flight", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-04-11T16:19:57Z", "net": "2024-04-11T09:00:00Z", "window_end": "2024-04-11T09:00:00Z", "window_start": "2024-04-11T09:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2543, "configuration": { "id": 196, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/196/?format=api", "name": "Angara A5/Blok DM-03", "family": "Angara", "full_name": "Angara A5/Blok DM-03", "variant": "A5/DM-03" } }, "mission": { "id": 6652, "name": "Vostochny Angara Test Flight", "description": "First test launch of the Angara A5 launch vehicle from the Vostochny Cosmodrome. The rocket will carry a mass simulator payload.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 108, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/108/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "Cosmodrome Site 1A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=51.884395,128.333932", "latitude": "51.884395", "longitude": "128.333932", "location": { "id": 18, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/18/?format=api", "name": "Vostochny Cosmodrome, Siberia, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "The Vostochny Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East. It is intended to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first launch took place on 28 April 2016 at 02:01 UTC.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_18_20200803142401.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Yakutsk", "total_launch_count": 19, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_108_20200803143525.jpg", "total_launch_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/angara_a5_lifto_image_20240411095331.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6659, "location_launch_attempt_count": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 194, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 70, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "20054280-a20a-457e-b452-8a176f633907", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/20054280-a20a-457e-b452-8a176f633907/?format=api", "slug": "angara-a5blok-dm-03-dummy-payload", "name": "Angara A5/Blok DM-03 | Dummy payload", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2024-01-02T16:36:52Z", "net": "2021-12-27T19:00:00Z", "window_end": "2021-12-27T19:00:00Z", "window_start": "2021-12-27T19:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "Upper stage failed to restart for 2nd burn leaving upper stage & payload simulator in LEO. As the resulting orbit would be completely unsalvageable by a hypothetical real payload, and the main purpose of the launch was to test the Persey upper stage, it should be considered a failure.", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2562, "configuration": { "id": 196, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/196/?format=api", "name": "Angara A5/Blok DM-03", "family": "Angara", "full_name": "Angara A5/Blok DM-03", "variant": "A5/DM-03" } }, "mission": { "id": 5908, "name": "Dummy payload", "description": "This is the third test flight of Angara A5 launch vehicle and its first flight with Persey upper stage. Since it's a test flight, the rocket carries a mass simulator payload.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 42, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/42/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "35/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_35", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.927319,40.574897", "latitude": "62.927319", "longitude": "40.574897", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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