Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=7340&ordering=id
{ "count": 7494, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7350&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7330&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "fa1ef649-5c4d-42d2-a5e9-1252dc0469f3", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa1ef649-5c4d-42d2-a5e9-1252dc0469f3/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-11-tianping-2-abc", "name": "Long March 11 | Tianping-2 A/B/C", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-10-22T01:01:47Z", "net": "2022-03-30T02:29:00Z", "window_end": "2022-03-30T02:50:00Z", "window_start": "2022-03-30T02:18:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7473, "configuration": { "id": 47, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/47/?format=api", "name": "Long March 11", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 11", "variant": "11" } }, "mission": { "id": 6973, "name": "Tianping-2 A/B/C", "description": "The Tianping-2 A/B/C satellites were built by the China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation (CASIC) and will be used as calibration targets for services such as atmospheric space environment study and orbital prediction model correction.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Technology", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/21/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Area 95A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=40.969117,100.343333", "latitude": "40.969117", "longitude": "100.343333", "location": { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/17/?format=api", "name": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is a Chinese spaceport located between the Ejin, Alxa, Inner Mongolia and Hangtian Town, Jinta County, Jiuquan, Gansu Province. It is part of the Dongfeng Aerospace City (Base 10).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_17_20200803142429.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 248, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_21_20200803143253.jpg", "total_launch_count": 59, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 59 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march252011_image_20190222031217.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6215, "location_launch_attempt_count": 161, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 29, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 360, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 33, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fa36ad1a-e596-4d8a-9325-ec30c1853953", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa36ad1a-e596-4d8a-9325-ec30c1853953/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-6a-g60-polar-group-06", "name": "Long March 6A | G60 Polar Group 06", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-01-30T01:30:59Z", "net": "2025-01-23T05:15:00Z", "window_end": "2025-01-23T05:24:00Z", "window_start": "2025-01-23T05:04:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 8462, "configuration": { "id": 478, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/478/?format=api", "name": "Long March 6A", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 6A", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7051, "name": "G60 Polar Group 06", "description": "18 Low Earth Orbit communication satellites with Ku, Q and V band payloads for the G60 constellation operated by Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology (SSST) with funding backed by the Shanghai local government.\r\n\r\nInitial constellation will consist of 1296 satellites by 2027 with long term plans to expand it to 12000 satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 200, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/200/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Complex 9A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=38.8583,111.5802", "latitude": "38.8583", "longitude": "111.5802", "location": { "id": 19, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/19/?format=api", "name": "Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center is a People's Republic of China space and defense launch facility. It is situated in Kelan County, Xinzhou, Shanxi Province and is the second of four launch sites having been founded in March 1966 and coming into full operation in 1968.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_19_20200803142421.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 140, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_launch_complex_9a_20220330003717.jpg", "total_launch_count": 12, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 12 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-6a_liftoff__image_20250123085337.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6865, "location_launch_attempt_count": 138, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 11, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 504, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fa3a6408-6ba3-4c20-8200-25f3da46f87e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa3a6408-6ba3-4c20-8200-25f3da46f87e/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-8-16", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-8 16", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:50:19Z", "net": "1985-06-13T12:20:00Z", "window_end": "1985-06-13T12:20:00Z", "window_start": "1985-06-13T12:20:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5752, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4152, "name": "Zenit-8 16", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/35/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "16/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.960091,40.682983", "latitude": "62.960091", "longitude": "40.682983", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_35_20200803143306.jpg", "total_launch_count": 136, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 136 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2951, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1053, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 37, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1894, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 47, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 22, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 38, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fa3fae30-3bfb-49b7-b416-77023c263b40", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa3fae30-3bfb-49b7-b416-77023c263b40/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-ii-eutelsat-ii-f-3", "name": "Atlas II | Eutelsat II F-3", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:39:52Z", "net": "1991-12-07T22:47:00Z", "window_end": "1991-12-07T22:47:00Z", "window_start": "1991-12-07T22:47:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6410, "configuration": { "id": 253, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/253/?format=api", "name": "Atlas II", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas II", "variant": "II" } }, "mission": { "id": 4800, "name": "Eutelsat II F-3", "description": "Communication satellite built by Aerospatiale for Eutelsat.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 122, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/122/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1022, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_122_20200803143232.jpg", "total_launch_count": 76, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 76 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3683, "location_launch_attempt_count": 449, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 39, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 903, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 86, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fa5bddd9-6b73-4b2d-93ef-b54303ad7d69", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa5bddd9-6b73-4b2d-93ef-b54303ad7d69/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-3be-chinasat-10r", "name": "Long March 3B/E | ChinaSat 10R", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-02-23T02:41:26Z", "net": "2025-02-22T12:11:00Z", "window_end": "2025-02-22T12:36:00Z", "window_start": "2025-02-22T12:01:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 8530, "configuration": { "id": 50, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/50/?format=api", "name": "Long March 3", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 3B/E", "variant": "B/E" } }, "mission": { "id": 7120, "name": "ChinaSat 10R", "description": "Ku-band geostationary communication satellite for China Satcom at 110.5° East, replacing ChinaSat 10.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 45, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/45/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Complex 2 (LC-2)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.245564,102.026751", "latitude": "28.245564", "longitude": "102.026751", "location": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/16/?format=api", "name": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a spaceport in China. It is located in Zeyuan Town, northwest of Xichang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_16_20200803142513.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 224, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_45_20200803143520.jpg", "total_launch_count": 118, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 118 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march25203_image_20190222031215.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6885, "location_launch_attempt_count": 220, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 116, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 507, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 36, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fa60f838-7a6e-49fb-949d-553795aafd6e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa60f838-7a6e-49fb-949d-553795aafd6e/?format=api", "slug": "pslv-ca-spot-6-proiteres", "name": "PSLV-CA | SPOT 6 & PROITERES", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:54:28Z", "net": "2012-09-09T04:23:00Z", "window_end": "2012-09-09T04:23:00Z", "window_start": "2012-09-09T04:23:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 190, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/190/?format=api", "name": "Antrix Corporation Limited", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 1628, "configuration": { "id": 43, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/43/?format=api", "name": "PSLV", "family": "PSLV", "full_name": "PSLV-CA", "variant": "CA" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 50, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/50/?format=api", "agency_id": 31, "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad", "description": "India has two launch pads at the site. The First Launch Pad, operational since 1993, is used for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Small Satellite Launch Vehicle and formerly used by Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_First_Launch_Pad", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=13.733,80.235", "latitude": "13.733", "longitude": "80.235", "location": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/14/?format=api", "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India", "country_code": "IND", "description": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre – SDSC (formerly Sriharikota Range – SHAR),[1] is the primary spaceport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_14_20200803142403.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Kolkata", "total_launch_count": 98, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "IND", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_50_20200803143457.jpg", "total_launch_count": 61, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 60 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pslv_image_20230730102956.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5239, "location_launch_attempt_count": 37, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 21, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5239, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fa618e92-e7f5-4e1a-b5c8-2e2094a76e9e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa618e92-e7f5-4e1a-b5c8-2e2094a76e9e/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-parus-15", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Parus 15", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:55Z", "net": "1978-05-23T16:57:00Z", "window_end": "1978-05-23T16:57:00Z", "window_start": "1978-05-23T16:57:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4965, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 3381, "name": "Parus 15", "description": "Navigation satellite providing location information for the Tsiklon-B navigation system", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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