Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=7140&ordering=-id
{ "count": 8082, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7150&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7130&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "1e564ecb-b4cf-40f3-905a-8555abc47810", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1e564ecb-b4cf-40f3-905a-8555abc47810/?format=api", "slug": "thor-agena-a-discoverer-6", "name": "Thor Agena A | Discoverer 6", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:18:43Z", "net": "1959-08-19T19:24:44Z", "window_end": "1959-08-19T19:24:44Z", "window_start": "1959-08-19T19:24:44Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3048, "configuration": { "id": 392, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/392/?format=api", "name": "Thor Agena A", "family": "Thor", "full_name": "Thor Agena A", "variant": "Agena A" } }, "mission": { "id": 1470, "name": "Discoverer 6", "description": "Discoverer 6 was the sixth in a series of reconnaissance satellites, however, it failed to return its capsule when the retrorocket failed to deorbit the capsule.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/96/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Space Launch Complex 1E", "description": "Space Launch Complex 1 East (SLC-1E) was a launch pad at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, United States. It was built in 1958 for the never activated 75th Strategic Missile Squadron for Thor Agena A launches.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_1", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.756,-120.6263", "latitude": "34.756", "longitude": "-120.6263", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 915, "total_landing_count": 35 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_96_20200803143221.jpg", "total_launch_count": 45, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 45 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 46, "location_launch_attempt_count": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 7, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 15, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1e562a6b-f1eb-4c9c-a074-4172c831ed70", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1e562a6b-f1eb-4c9c-a074-4172c831ed70/?format=api", "slug": "electron-the-wisdom-god-guides-iqps-launch-6", "name": "Electron | The Wisdom God Guides (iQPS Launch 6)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-12-21T18:25:55Z", "net": "2025-12-21T06:36:00Z", "window_end": "2025-12-21T06:36:00Z", "window_start": "2025-12-21T06:36:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": 85, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 147, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/147/?format=api", "name": "Rocket Lab", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8545, "configuration": { "id": 26, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/26/?format=api", "name": "Electron", "family": "", "full_name": "Electron", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7136, "name": "The Wisdom God Guides (iQPS Launch 6)", "description": "Synthetic aperture radar Earth observation satellite for Japanese Earth imaging company iQPS.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 1092, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1092/?format=api", "name": "Institute for Q-shu Pioneers of Space", "featured": false, "type": "Private", "country_code": "JPN", "abbrev": "iQPS", "description": "iQPS (Institute for Q-shu Pioneers of Space, Inc.) is a Japanese satellite manufacturer and operator. The company was founded as a spin-off company of Kyushu University in 2005.", "administrator": "CEO: Shunsuke Onishi", "founding_year": "2005", "launchers": "", "spacecraft": "", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 0, "consecutive_successful_launches": 0, "successful_launches": 0, "failed_launches": 0, "pending_launches": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "info_url": "https://i-qps.net/en/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IQPS", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/iqps_logo_image_20250303221951.jpg", "image_url": null, "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/iqps_social_log_image_20250303221924.jpg" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 185, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/185/?format=api", "agency_id": 147, "name": "Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1B", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Lab_Launch_Complex_1", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=-39.262833,177.864469", "latitude": "-39.262833", "longitude": "177.864469", "location": { "id": 10, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/10/?format=api", "name": "Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1, Mahia Peninsula, New Zealand", "country_code": "NZL", "description": "Rocket Lab Launch Complex 1 is a commercial spaceport located close to Ahuriri Point at the southern tip of Māhia Peninsula, on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island. It is owned and operated by private spaceflight company Rocket Lab and supports launches of the company's Electron rocket for small satellites. With the launch of Electron on 25 May 2017, it became the first private spaceport to host an orbital launch attempt, and the first site in New Zealand to host an orbital launch attempt. With the Electron launch of 21 January 2018, it became the first private spaceport to host a successful orbital launch.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_10_20200803142509.jpg", "timezone_name": "Pacific/Auckland", "total_launch_count": 84, "total_landing_count": 17 }, "country_code": "NZL", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_185_20200803143540.jpg", "total_launch_count": 41, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 41 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/electron_image_20190705175640.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7163, "location_launch_attempt_count": 69, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 34, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 79, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 314, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 21, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1e497950-b932-46b0-8b0f-028171370804", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1e497950-b932-46b0-8b0f-028171370804/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-5-g-optus-and-defence-c1-bsat-2c", "name": "Ariane 5 G | Optus and Defence C1 & BSAT-2c", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:55:29Z", "net": "2003-06-11T22:38:15Z", "window_end": "2003-06-11T22:38:15Z", "window_start": "2003-06-11T22:38:15Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 495, "configuration": { "id": 131, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/131/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 5 G", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 5 G", "variant": "G" } }, "mission": { "id": 609, "name": "Optus and Defence C1 & BSAT-2c", "description": "Optus and Defence C1 is a relay platform in geostationary orbit at 156 degrees East. It is one of the most advanced communications satellites ever built. BSAT-2C is a geostationary communication satellite for B-SAT.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 77, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/77/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 3", "description": "ELA-3, is a launch pad and associated facilities at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. ELA-3 was operated by Arianespace as part of the expendable launch system for Ariane 5 launch vehicles.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-3", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.239,-52.768", "latitude": "5.239", "longitude": "-52.768", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 336, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_77_20200803143458.jpg", "total_launch_count": 118, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 118 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane252052520g_image_20190222030331.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4604, "location_launch_attempt_count": 169, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 16, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 155, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 28, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1e4075b9-aec2-40ea-939f-0e4173016b3d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1e4075b9-aec2-40ea-939f-0e4173016b3d/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-64-govsat-2", "name": "Ariane 64 | GovSat-2", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2026-01-22T01:40:35Z", "net": "2029-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_end": "2029-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2029-12-31T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 14, "name": "Year", "abbrev": "Y", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the given year." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8898, "configuration": { "id": 116, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/116/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 64", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 64", "variant": "64" } }, "mission": { "id": 7489, "name": "GovSat-2", "description": "GovSat-2 is the second satellite for GovSat, the public-private partnership between SES and the Luxembourg government. The satellite is designed to address the needs of defense users at the highest Security and Service Assurance Level, adding new ultra-high frequency (UHF) channels in the X- and military Ka-bands, and will include other security features such as dedicated hardening, an advanced anti-jamming system, and embedded geo-location.\r\n\r\nGovSat-2 will be positioned over the European satellite arc, joining GovSat-1 in augmenting reliable connectivity services for government customers over the region. The satellite will be built by Thales Alenia Space on its Spacebus 4000B2 platform.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 67, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/67/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 4", "description": "ELA-4, is a launch pad and associated facilities at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. The complex is composed of a launch pad with mobile gantry, an horizontal assembly building and a dedicated launch operations building. ELA-4 is operated by Arianespace as part of the Ariane 6 program.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.256319,-52.786838", "latitude": "5.256319", "longitude": "-52.786838", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 336, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_67_20200803143559.jpg", "total_launch_count": 9, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 9 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane_64_lifto_image_20260213070745.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7750, "location_launch_attempt_count": 382, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 29, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 348, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 45, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1e3a0ee2-2be2-4993-9588-43bfbc724f30", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1e3a0ee2-2be2-4993-9588-43bfbc724f30/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-champ-mita", "name": "Kosmos-3M | CHAMP & MITA", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:45Z", "net": "2000-07-15T12:00:00Z", "window_end": "2000-07-15T12:00:00Z", "window_start": "2000-07-15T12:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 154, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/154/?format=api", "name": "Production Corporation Polyot", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6997, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 5386, "name": "CHAMP & MITA", "description": "CHAMP (Challenging Mini-Satellite Payload) is a German small satellite mission for geoscientific and atmospheric research and applications, managed by GFZ. MITA carries the payload NINA-2 for the study of solar and galactic cosmic rays. The detector used in this mission is identical to the one already flying on the Russian satellite Resurs-O1 4 in a 840 km sunsynchronous orbit, but makes use of the extensive computer and telemetry capabilities of MITA bus to improve the active data acquisition time.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1688, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_28_20200803143254.jpg", "total_launch_count": 212, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 212 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos-3m_durin_image_20251101171325.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4408, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1509, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 190, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 35, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 41, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1e20a488-2e2d-48f4-ad8f-eaea6844abc2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1e20a488-2e2d-48f4-ad8f-eaea6844abc2/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-koronas-foton", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Koronas-Foton", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-13T18:03:42Z", "net": "2009-01-30T13:30:00Z", "window_end": "2009-01-30T13:30:00Z", "window_start": "2009-01-30T13:30:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7381, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 5770, "name": "Koronas-Foton", "description": "Russian heliophysics research satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Heliophysics", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 127, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/127/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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