Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=7070&ordering=id
{ "count": 7673, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7080&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7060&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "eb4b1e8b-7772-4103-91fe-f4edc9c1d64f", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/eb4b1e8b-7772-4103-91fe-f4edc9c1d64f/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-11-xiaoxiang-1-xpnav-1-3-others", "name": "Long March 11 | Xiaoxiang-1, XPNAV-1 & 3 others.", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-08T08:25:43Z", "net": "2016-11-09T23:42:00Z", "window_end": "2016-11-09T23:42:00Z", "window_start": "2016-11-09T23:42:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1961, "configuration": { "id": 47, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/47/?format=api", "name": "Long March 11", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 11", "variant": "11" } }, "mission": { "id": 346, "name": "Xiaoxiang-1, XPNAV-1 & 3 others.", "description": "XPNAV-1 (X-Ray Pulsar Navigation) is the first ever satellite to test the technology of spacecraft navigation by using signals from X-ray pulsars. It is launched along with the Xiaoxiang 1 cubsat and several other small satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Astrophysics", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/21/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Area 95A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=40.969117,100.343333", "latitude": "40.969117", "longitude": "100.343333", "location": { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/17/?format=api", "name": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is a Chinese spaceport located between the Ejin, Alxa, Inner Mongolia and Hangtian Town, Jinta County, Jiuquan, Gansu Province. It is part of the Dongfeng Aerospace City (Base 10).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_17_20200803142429.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 262, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_21_20200803143253.jpg", "total_launch_count": 61, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 61 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march252011_image_20190222031217.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5597, "location_launch_attempt_count": 89, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 185, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 68, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "eb4c291a-df93-4a59-9834-b0da9e8db916", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/eb4c291a-df93-4a59-9834-b0da9e8db916/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-11k63-ds-u2-i-2", "name": "Kosmos 11K63 | DS-U2-I 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:52Z", "net": "1967-02-14T10:04:56Z", "window_end": "1967-02-14T10:04:56Z", "window_start": "1967-02-14T10:04:56Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3622, "configuration": { "id": 327, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/327/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos 11K63", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos 11K63", "variant": "11K63" } }, "mission": { "id": 2040, "name": "DS-U2-I 2", "description": "The DS-U2-I satellites were Soviet ionospheric research satellites launched as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik program.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 139, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/139/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "86/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=48.56935,46.293219", "latitude": "48.56935", "longitude": "46.293219", "location": { "id": 30, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/30/?format=api", "name": "Kapustin Yar, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Kapustin Yar is a Russian military training area and a rocket launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast, about 100 km east of Volgograd. It was established by the Soviet Union on 13 May 1946. In the beginning, Kapustin Yar used technology, material, and scientific support gained from the defeat of Germany in World War II. Numerous launches of test rockets for the Russian military were carried out at the site, as well as satellite and sounding rocket launches.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_30_20200803142515.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Volgograd", "total_launch_count": 101, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_139_20200803143345.jpg", "total_launch_count": 26, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 26 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos_11k63_image_20251104091702.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 663, "location_launch_attempt_count": 45, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 21, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 220, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 15, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "eb4d6909-98f2-468f-9a43-c5fc914813d1", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/eb4d6909-98f2-468f-9a43-c5fc914813d1/?format=api", "slug": "space-shuttle-atlantis-ov-104-sts-76", "name": "Space Shuttle Atlantis / OV-104 | STS-76", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:49:01Z", "net": "1996-03-22T08:13:04Z", "window_end": "1996-03-22T08:13:04Z", "window_start": "1996-03-22T08:13:04Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 197, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/197/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Martin Space Operations", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 399, "configuration": { "id": 493, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/493/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "family": "", "full_name": "Space Shuttle", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 929, "name": "STS-76", "description": "STS-76 was NASA's 76th Space Shuttle mission, and the 16th mission for Atlantis. STS-76 launched on 22 March 1996 at 3:13 am EST (UTC −5) from Kennedy Space Center launch pad 39B. STS-76 lasted over 9 days, traveled about 3,800,000 miles (6,100,000 km) while orbiting Earth an estimated 145 times, and landing at 5:28 am PST (UTC −8) on 31 March 1996 at Edwards Air Force Base runway 22.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/4/?format=api", "agency_id": 44, "name": "Launch Complex 39B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39B", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.62711233,-80.62101503", "latitude": "28.62711233", "longitude": "-80.62101503", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 273, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_4_20200803143518.jpg", "total_launch_count": 58, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 57 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space_shuttle_image_20230422074810.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/6/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "description": "The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space2520shutt_program_20200820202237.png", "start_date": "1981-04-12T12:00:03Z", "end_date": "2011-07-08T15:29:00Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } }, { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/12/?format=api", "name": "Shuttle–Mir", "description": "The Shuttle–Mir program was a collaborative 11-mission space program between Russia and the United States that involved American Space Shuttles visiting the Russian space station Mir, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to engage in long-duration expeditions aboard Mir.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/shuttle25e225_program_20200821090507.png", "start_date": "1993-09-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date": "1998-06-12T18:00:18Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/factsheet/shuttle_mir_factsheet.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuttle–Mir_program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4060, "location_launch_attempt_count": 93, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 36, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 7, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 19, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "eb4f9b48-b724-4a37-a27e-63a46ec6a796", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/eb4f9b48-b724-4a37-a27e-63a46ec6a796/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-2i-63s1-ds-2-2", "name": "Kosmos-2I 63S1 | DS-2 2", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:52Z", "net": "1964-12-01T08:45:00Z", "window_end": "1964-12-01T08:45:00Z", "window_start": "1964-12-01T08:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3341, "configuration": { "id": 190, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/190/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-2I 63S1", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-2I", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1762, "name": "DS-2 2", "description": "Second DS-2 satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 139, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/139/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "86/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=48.56935,46.293219", "latitude": "48.56935", "longitude": "46.293219", "location": { "id": 30, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/30/?format=api", "name": "Kapustin Yar, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Kapustin Yar is a Russian military training area and a rocket launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast, about 100 km east of Volgograd. It was established by the Soviet Union on 13 May 1946. In the beginning, Kapustin Yar used technology, material, and scientific support gained from the defeat of Germany in World War II. Numerous launches of test rockets for the Russian military were carried out at the site, as well as satellite and sounding rocket launches.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_30_20200803142515.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Volgograd", "total_launch_count": 101, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_139_20200803143345.jpg", "total_launch_count": 26, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 26 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos-2i252063s1_image_20191201205435.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 384, "location_launch_attempt_count": 25, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 107, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 91, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 35, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "eb4fca1b-9974-45c0-9b2f-4c72809e8e12", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/eb4fca1b-9974-45c0-9b2f-4c72809e8e12/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-44l-nss-7", "name": "Ariane 44L | NSS 7", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:22:19Z", "net": "2002-04-16T23:02:00Z", "window_end": "2002-04-16T23:02:00Z", "window_start": "2002-04-16T23:02:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7084, "configuration": { "id": 225, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/225/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 44L", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 44L", "variant": "44L" } }, "mission": { "id": 5473, "name": "NSS 7", "description": "Ariane mission V150 placed Lockheed Martin A2100-class satellite NSS 7 satellite into orbit. The satellite was owned by New Skies, an Intelsat spinoff, and carried a C/Ku band telecoms payload.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 4, "name": "Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GSTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 124, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/124/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 2", "description": "The ELA-2 pad, built in 1986, had been used for Ariane 4 launches from 1988 until 2003. Before 1988, although purpose-built for Ariane 4, the pad hosted an Ariane-2 and two Ariane-3 launches.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-2", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.232,-52.778194", "latitude": "5.232", "longitude": "-52.778194", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 328, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_124_20200803143241.jpg", "total_launch_count": 119, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 119 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane_44l_at_e_image_20240401082337.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4530, "location_launch_attempt_count": 159, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 114, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 146, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 19, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "eb67c91b-a3f1-409f-af80-b5bad3a61e3c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/eb67c91b-a3f1-409f-af80-b5bad3a61e3c/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-zaliv-26", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Zaliv 26", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:27:33Z", "net": "1978-07-27T04:49:00Z", "window_end": "1978-07-27T04:49:00Z", "window_start": "1978-07-27T04:49:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4984, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 3399, "name": "Zaliv 26", "description": "The first soviet navigation system called Tsiklon consisted of Zaliv satellites in low earth orbit.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 167, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/167/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "132/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883,40.869806", "latitude": "62.883", "longitude": "40.869806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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