Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=7000&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7503, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=7010&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6990&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "a5118c10-4100-4c21-8a96-1437db173096", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/a5118c10-4100-4c21-8a96-1437db173096/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-slv-3-agena-d-kh-7-20", "name": "Atlas SLV-3 Agena D | KH-7 20", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:37:56Z", "net": "1965-07-12T19:00:00Z", "window_end": "1965-07-12T19:00:00Z", "window_start": "1965-07-12T19:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3413, "configuration": { "id": 258, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/258/?format=api", "name": "Atlas SLV-3 Agena D", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas SLV-3 Agena D", "variant": "SLV-3 Agena D" } }, "mission": { "id": 1833, "name": "KH-7 20", "description": "The Program 206 satellite, carrying the KH-7 (Keyhole 7) camera system (codenamed Gambit-1), was the first successful high resolution space reconnaissance program. It was managed by NRO's Program A, the USAF-led segment of the National Reconnaissance Program managed from Los Angeles AFB in El Segundo, California.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/16/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": "34.632", "longitude": "-120.611", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 807, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 193, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 193 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 452, "location_launch_attempt_count": 180, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 270, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 59, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 21, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 39, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "c9b9d385-9e6f-41b4-8a39-6ba043395fce", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/c9b9d385-9e6f-41b4-8a39-6ba043395fce/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-2i-63s1-ds-a1-7", "name": "Kosmos-2I 63S1 | DS-A1 7", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:53Z", "net": "1965-07-02T06:29:00Z", "window_end": "1965-07-02T06:29:00Z", "window_start": "1965-07-02T06:29:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3412, "configuration": { "id": 190, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/190/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-2I 63S1", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-2I", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1832, "name": "DS-A1 7", "description": "DS-A1 satellite designed to test techniques and equipment for communication and navigation systems.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 139, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/139/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "86/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=48.56935,46.293219", "latitude": "48.56935", "longitude": "46.293219", "location": { "id": 30, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/30/?format=api", "name": "Kapustin Yar, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Kapustin Yar is a Russian military training area and a rocket launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast, about 100 km east of Volgograd. It was established by the Soviet Union on 13 May 1946. In the beginning, Kapustin Yar used technology, material, and scientific support gained from the defeat of Germany in World War II. Numerous launches of test rockets for the Russian military were carried out at the site, as well as satellite and sounding rocket launches.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_30_20200803142515.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Volgograd", "total_launch_count": 101, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_139_20200803143345.jpg", "total_launch_count": 26, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 26 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos-2i252063s1_image_20191201205435.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 451, "location_launch_attempt_count": 30, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 130, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 58, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 22, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "9b37a57a-12c7-4c53-96e2-0288e63305d9", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/9b37a57a-12c7-4c53-96e2-0288e63305d9/?format=api", "slug": "thor-delta-c-tiros-10", "name": "Thor Delta C | Tiros 10", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:42:57Z", "net": "1965-07-02T04:07:00Z", "window_end": "1965-07-02T04:07:00Z", "window_start": "1965-07-02T04:07:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3411, "configuration": { "id": 401, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/401/?format=api", "name": "Thor Delta C", "family": "Thor", "full_name": "Thor Delta C", "variant": "Delta C" } }, "mission": { "id": 1831, "name": "Tiros 10", "description": "NASA's TIROS (Television & Infra-Red Observation Satellite) program was the first experimental weathersatellite program.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 1, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/1/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 17B", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4458,-80.5657", "latitude": "28.4458", "longitude": "-80.5657", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_1_20200803143208.jpg", "total_launch_count": 132, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 132 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 450, "location_launch_attempt_count": 147, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 22, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 269, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 57, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 21, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 38, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "b92b4c7f-39fb-448a-a24a-5c370b95fe80", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/b92b4c7f-39fb-448a-a24a-5c370b95fe80/?format=api", "slug": "x-15-flight-138", "name": "X-15 | Flight 138", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:44:47Z", "net": "1965-06-29T18:21:00Z", "window_end": "1965-06-29T18:32:00Z", "window_start": "1965-06-29T18:21:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2985, "configuration": { "id": 209, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/209/?format=api", "name": "North American X-15", "family": "", "full_name": "North American X-15", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1410, "name": "Flight 138", "description": "Flight 138 of the North American X-15 was a test flight conducted by NASA and the US Air Force in 1965. Piloted by Joe H. Engle it reached an altitude of 85.5 km.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 15, "name": "Suborbital", "abbrev": "Sub" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 112, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/112/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Edwards Air Force Base", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.905556,-117.883611", "latitude": "34.905556", "longitude": "-117.883611", "location": { "id": 144, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/144/?format=api", "name": "Air launch to Suborbital flight", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_144_20200803142439.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 86, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_112_20200803143214.jpg", "total_launch_count": 13, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/north_american__image_20210813101104.png", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/20/?format=api", "name": "X-15", "description": "Experimental hypersonic rocket-powered aircraft.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/x-15_program_20210809102752.jpeg", "start_date": "1959-03-10T00:00:00Z", "end_date": "1968-12-12T00:00:00Z", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_X-15", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": null, "location_launch_attempt_count": 12, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 268, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 0, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 37, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "05587685-6e0a-4ec3-b27d-e05796fdd66e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/05587685-6e0a-4ec3-b27d-e05796fdd66e/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-slv-3-agena-d-kh-7-19", "name": "Atlas SLV-3 Agena D | KH-7 19", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:38:12Z", "net": "1965-06-25T19:30:00Z", "window_end": "1965-06-25T19:30:00Z", "window_start": "1965-06-25T19:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3410, "configuration": { "id": 258, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/258/?format=api", "name": "Atlas SLV-3 Agena D", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas SLV-3 Agena D", "variant": "SLV-3 Agena D" } }, "mission": { "id": 1830, "name": "KH-7 19", "description": "The Program 206 satellite, carrying the KH-7 (Keyhole 7) camera system (codenamed Gambit-1), was the first successful high resolution space reconnaissance program. It was managed by NRO's Program A, the USAF-led segment of the National Reconnaissance Program managed from Los Angeles AFB in El Segundo, California.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/16/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": "34.632", "longitude": "-120.611", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 807, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 193, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 193 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 449, "location_launch_attempt_count": 179, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 8, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 267, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 56, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 20, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 36, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "290630cd-c750-440d-bd78-a8c326a9009f", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/290630cd-c750-440d-bd78-a8c326a9009f/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-4-8", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-4 8", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:48:20Z", "net": "1965-06-25T09:45:00Z", "window_end": "1965-06-25T09:45:00Z", "window_start": "1965-06-25T09:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3409, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 1829, "name": "Zenit-4 8", "description": "Zenit-4 film-return reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 448, "location_launch_attempt_count": 102, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 77, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 129, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 55, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 18, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 21, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "0cdee9db-74a4-480a-8161-3b65b03e676f", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/0cdee9db-74a4-480a-8161-3b65b03e676f/?format=api", "slug": "thor-dm-21-ablestar-transit-o-4", "name": "Thor DM-21 Ablestar | Transit-O 4", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:18:59Z", "net": "1965-06-24T22:35:29Z", "window_end": "1965-06-24T22:35:29Z", "window_start": "1965-06-24T22:35:29Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3408, "configuration": { "id": 187, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/187/?format=api", "name": "Thor DM-21 Ablestar", "family": "Thor", "full_name": "Thor DM-21 Ablestar", "variant": "DM-21" } }, "mission": { "id": 1828, "name": "Transit-O 4", "description": "The Transit-O series of satellites that closely followed the design of Transit 5C-1 were also called “Oscars” (Oscar is the phonetic alphabet for “O”, i. e., operational). 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