Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=6900&ordering=name
{ "count": 7503, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6910&ordering=name", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6890&ordering=name", "results": [ { "id": "15468d99-b3eb-4bf4-81b3-3fda9d2e579d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/15468d99-b3eb-4bf4-81b3-3fda9d2e579d/?format=api", "slug": "vega-ssms-poc", "name": "Vega | SSMS PoC", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:49:34Z", "net": "2020-09-03T01:51:10Z", "window_end": "2020-09-03T01:51:10Z", "window_start": "2020-09-03T01:51:10Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": "#VV16", "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 57, "configuration": { "id": 167, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/167/?format=api", "name": "Vega", "family": "Vega", "full_name": "Vega", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1033, "name": "SSMS POC", "description": "The Vega POC (Proof Of Concept) flight will be the first mission of the SSMS (Small Spacecraft Mission Service), a modular carbon fiber dispenser, a program initiated by ESA in 2016, with the contribution of the European Commission. For all the European partners involved, its purpose is to address the burgeoning institutional and commercial small spacecraft market with a new rideshare concept.\n\nPayload includes dozens of satellites: Athena, ION CubeSat Carrier, ESAIL, NEMO-HD, GHGSat C1, six Flock-v cubesats, several Lemur-2 cubesats, twelve SpaceBEE nanosats, FSSCat A & B, RTAF-Sat, DIDO 3, IGOSat, PICASSO, PINO, PIXL, QARMAN, SIMBA, TRISAT, Casaa-Sat, TTU-100, and more.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Dedicated Rideshare", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/34/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 1 (ELV)", "description": "ELA-1, now named Ensemble de Lancement Vega (short ELV), is a launch pad at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. It has been used to support launches of the Europa rocket, Ariane 1, Ariane 3, and is currently used to launch Vega rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-1", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.236,-52.775", "latitude": "5.236", "longitude": "-52.775", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 325, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_34_20200803143527.jpg", "total_launch_count": 52, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 52 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vega_image_20201111143622.jpeg", "infographic": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/infographic_images/vega2520257c_infographic_20200831230945.png", "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5989, "location_launch_attempt_count": 301, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 42, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 288, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 67, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "355ab4b9-504c-49ce-84bf-a6df31a0aadf", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/355ab4b9-504c-49ce-84bf-a6df31a0aadf/?format=api", "slug": "vega-theos-2-triton-others", "name": "Vega | THEOS-2, TRITON & others", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-05T18:24:02Z", "net": "2023-10-09T01:36:25Z", "window_end": "2023-10-09T01:36:25Z", "window_start": "2023-10-09T01:36:25Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7903, "configuration": { "id": 167, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/167/?format=api", "name": "Vega", "family": "Vega", "full_name": "Vega", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6492, "name": "THEOS-2, TRITON & others", "description": "THEOS-2 is Thailand’s first Earth observation satellite. Built by Airbus Defense and Space and based on the Astrobus-S platform, it is designed for optical measurements with a ground resolution of approximately 1 meter.\r\n\r\nTRITON or FORMOSAT-7R is an additional satellite by NSPO added to the joint Taiwanese-US FORMOSAT 7 / COSMIC-2 constellation for collecting atmospheric data for weather prediction and for ionosphere, climate and gravity research. Its GNSS Reflectometry payload can be used to calculate the wind speed over sea surfaces.\r\n\r\nCubesats:\r\n\r\nPROBA-V-CC (Project for On-Board Autonomy - Vegetation - Companion CubeSat) (12U) is a mission that will fly a scaled-down version of the vegetation-monitoring instrument aboard the Earth-observing PROBA-V to conduct combined experimental observations with its predecessor.\r\n\r\nPRETTY (Passive REflecTomeTry and dosimetrY) (3U) flies a GPS/Galileo signal reflectometer and radiation monitor for Graz University of Technology of Austria.\r\n\r\nMACSAT (6U) is an In-orbit demonstration (IoD) missionto demonstrate IoT communication over 5G for OQTech.\r\n\r\nCSC-1 and 2 (6U) contains 7 different experimental payloads from various institutions being flown by ISISPACE/ISL.\r\n\r\nN3SS (Nanosat 3U pour la Surveillance du Spectre) (3U) is a demonstration system for detecting and\r\nlocalize radio-frequency jammers on civil spectrum for the French CNES.\r\n\r\nESTCUBE-2 is a technology demonstration mission with multiple scientific payloads for University of Tartu of Estonia.\r\n\r\nANSER LEADER/FOLLOWER 1/2 (Advanced\r\nNanosatellite Systems for Earth observation Research) is a cluster of 3 Earth observing cubesats with panchromatic and hyperspectral cameras for Spain's INTA for monitoring the quality of inland (reservoirs) water over the Iberian Peninsula.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Dedicated Rideshare", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "FRA", "abbrev": "ASA", "description": "Arianespace SA is a multinational company founded in 1980 as the world's first commercial launch service provider. It undertakes the production, operation, and marketing of the Ariane programme. Their vehicles launch exclusively from French Guiana in South America.", "administrator": "CEO: David Cavaillolès", "founding_year": "1980", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 319, "consecutive_successful_launches": 7, "successful_launches": 304, "failed_launches": 15, "pending_launches": 48, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "info_url": "http://www.arianespace.com", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arianespace", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/arianespace_logo_20210603173752.png", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane_62_on_el_image_20240708201807.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/arianespace_nation_20230530190314.jpg" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/34/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 1 (ELV)", "description": "ELA-1, now named Ensemble de Lancement Vega (short ELV), is a launch pad at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. It has been used to support launches of the Europa rocket, Ariane 1, Ariane 3, and is currently used to launch Vega rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-1", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.236,-52.775", "latitude": "5.236", "longitude": "-52.775", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 325, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_34_20200803143527.jpg", "total_launch_count": 52, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 52 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vega2520257c_image_20231009052620.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6532, "location_launch_attempt_count": 320, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 49, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 315, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 164, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7df36bc5-9d8d-4e69-916a-7261db021967", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7df36bc5-9d8d-4e69-916a-7261db021967/?format=api", "slug": "vls-1-saci-2", "name": "VLS-1 | SACI-2", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:25:22Z", "net": "1999-12-11T18:25:00Z", "window_end": "1999-12-11T18:25:00Z", "window_start": "1999-12-11T18:25:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/12/?format=api", "name": "Brazilian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6957, "configuration": { "id": 448, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/448/?format=api", "name": "VLS-1", "family": "", "full_name": "VLS-1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": { "id": 5346, "name": "SACI-2", "description": "SACI 2 (Satélite Científico 2) is a 60 kg scientific satellite (Scientific Applications Satellite) launched on the 11th December 1999 on the second flight of the Brazilian VLS-1. Failure of the launcher second stage prevented it from reaching orbit.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Astrophysics", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 146, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/146/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "VLS Pad", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=-2.3177,-44.369984", "latitude": "-2.3177", "longitude": "-44.369984", "location": { "id": 150, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/150/?format=api", "name": "Alcântara Space Center, Federative Republic of Brazil", "country_code": "BRA", "description": "The Alcântara Space Center, formerly known as Alcântara Launch Center is a space center and launching facility of the Brazilian Space Agency in the city of Alcântara, located on Brazil's northern Atlantic coast, in the state of Maranhão.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_150_20200803142405.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Fortaleza", "total_launch_count": 2, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "BRA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_146_20200803143337.jpg", "total_launch_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4360, "location_launch_attempt_count": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 71, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "15183b48-9462-4eb7-b24e-eb6286605bb1", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/15183b48-9462-4eb7-b24e-eb6286605bb1/?format=api", "slug": "vls-1-scd-2a", "name": "VLS-1 | SCD-2A", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:25:22Z", "net": "1997-11-02T12:25:00Z", "window_end": "1997-11-02T12:25:00Z", "window_start": "1997-11-02T12:25:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/12/?format=api", "name": "Brazilian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6814, "configuration": { "id": 448, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/448/?format=api", "name": "VLS-1", "family": "", "full_name": "VLS-1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": { "id": 5204, "name": "SCD-2A", "description": "The satellites of the SCD (Satelites de Coleta de Dados) series are equipped to collect and transmit meteorological and environmental data collected by automatic platforms (PCD) installed on land or on oceanic buoys. The data is relayed to one or more ground stations.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 146, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/146/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "VLS Pad", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=-2.3177,-44.369984", "latitude": "-2.3177", "longitude": "-44.369984", "location": { "id": 150, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/150/?format=api", "name": "Alcântara Space Center, Federative Republic of Brazil", "country_code": "BRA", "description": "The Alcântara Space Center, formerly known as Alcântara Launch Center is a space center and launching facility of the Brazilian Space Agency in the city of Alcântara, located on Brazil's northern Atlantic coast, in the state of Maranhão.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_150_20200803142405.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Fortaleza", "total_launch_count": 2, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "BRA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_146_20200803143337.jpg", "total_launch_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4187, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 69, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "f49d890e-09a1-4627-91fd-ac4884a5bd51", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/f49d890e-09a1-4627-91fd-ac4884a5bd51/?format=api", "slug": "volna-cosmos-1", "name": "Volna | Cosmos-1", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:25:23Z", "net": "2005-06-21T19:46:09Z", "window_end": "2005-06-21T19:46:09Z", "window_start": "2005-06-21T19:46:09Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1013, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1013/?format=api", "name": "Makeyev Rocket Design Bureau", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7230, "configuration": { "id": 450, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/450/?format=api", "name": "Volna", "family": "", "full_name": "Volna", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 5619, "name": "Cosmos-1", "description": "Cosmos 1 was a project by Cosmos Studios and The Planetary Society to test a solar sail in space. As part of the project, an unmanned solar-sail spacecraft named Cosmos 1 was launched into space at 15:46:09 EDT (19:46:09 UTC) on June 21, 2005 from the submarine Borisoglebsk in the Barents Sea. However, a rocket failure prevented the spacecraft from reaching its intended orbit.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 148, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/148/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Borisoglebsk (K-496)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_submarine_Borisoglebsk_(K-496)", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=74.0000,38.0000", "latitude": "74.0", "longitude": "38.0", "location": { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/3/?format=api", "name": "Sea Launch", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_3_20200803142448.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 56, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_148_20200803143426.jpg", "total_launch_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4718, "location_launch_attempt_count": 18, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "008b4d60-d702-4a99-ad2f-431ff1027831", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/008b4d60-d702-4a99-ad2f-431ff1027831/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-ds-p1-yu-40", "name": "Voskhod | DS-P1-Yu 40", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:11:15Z", "net": "1971-03-05T01:02:03Z", "window_end": "1971-03-05T01:02:03Z", "window_start": "1971-03-05T01:02:03Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4109, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2527, "name": "DS-P1-Yu 40", "description": "The DS-P1-Yu series of satellites was used to calibrate space surveillance and early warning radars.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Target", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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