Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=6770&ordering=-id
{ "count": 7801, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6780&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6760&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "227dafbb-5151-4928-8f49-fa36e093dab1", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/227dafbb-5151-4928-8f49-fa36e093dab1/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-11k63-ds-p1-yu-51", "name": "Kosmos 11K63 | DS-P1-Yu 51", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:31:40Z", "net": "1972-03-25T10:39:59Z", "window_end": "1972-03-25T10:39:59Z", "window_start": "1972-03-25T10:39:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4240, "configuration": { "id": 327, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/327/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos 11K63", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos 11K63", "variant": "11K63" } }, "mission": { "id": 2658, "name": "DS-P1-Yu 51", "description": "The DS-P1-Yu series of satellites was used to calibrate space surveillance and early warning radars.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Target", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/3/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "133/3 (133L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.886999,40.846984", "latitude": "62.886999", "longitude": "40.846984", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1681, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_3_20200803143438.jpg", "total_launch_count": 159, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 159 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/kosmos_11k63_image_20251104091702.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1328, "location_launch_attempt_count": 227, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 54, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 645, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 22, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 13, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "227b609d-a73d-4794-aa2a-d86ff2da2f4a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/227b609d-a73d-4794-aa2a-d86ff2da2f4a/?format=api", "slug": "vostok-8a92-zenit-2-10", "name": "Vostok 8A92 | Zenit-2 10", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:48:16Z", "net": "1963-04-28T08:49:56Z", "window_end": "1963-04-28T08:49:56Z", "window_start": "1963-04-28T08:49:56Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3199, "configuration": { "id": 451, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/451/?format=api", "name": "Vostok 8A92", "family": "Vostok", "full_name": "Vostok 8A92", "variant": "8A92" } }, "mission": { "id": 1621, "name": "Zenit-2 10", "description": "Zenit-2 film-return and ELINT reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1560, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/vostok_launch_v_image_20251119053730.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 243, "location_launch_attempt_count": 47, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 47, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 57, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 19, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "2277b184-5a07-4a71-90ce-367f41420eaa", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/2277b184-5a07-4a71-90ce-367f41420eaa/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21bfregat-m-luna-25", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M | Luna 25", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-05T18:31:10Z", "net": "2023-08-10T23:10:57Z", "window_end": "2023-08-10T23:10:57Z", "window_start": "2023-08-10T23:10:57Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2703, "configuration": { "id": 134, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/134/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 6360, "name": "Luna 25", "description": "Luna 25 (ex-Luna-Glob) was a lunar lander mission by the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) that crashed into the lunar surface after an anomalous orbital maneuver placed it on a collision trajectory towards the Moon. It was scheduled to land near the lunar south pole at the Boguslavsky crater to prove lunar landing technology. The mission carried 30 kg of scientific instruments, including a robotic arm for soil samples and possible drilling hardware. It was planned to remain active for at least one year on the lunar surface.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Lunar Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 11, "name": "Lunar Orbit", "abbrev": "LO" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 338, "consecutive_successful_launches": 62, "successful_launches": 327, "failed_launches": 11, "pending_launches": 2, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "info_url": "https://en.roscosmos.ru/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federal_Space_Agency", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_nation_20230531052758.jpg" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 83, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/83/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "Cosmodrome Site 1S", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=51.884395,128.333932", "latitude": "51.884395", "longitude": "128.333932", "location": { "id": 18, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/18/?format=api", "name": "Vostochny Cosmodrome, Siberia, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "The Vostochny Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East. It is intended to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first launch took place on 28 April 2016 at 02:01 UTC.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_18_20200803142401.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Yakutsk", "total_launch_count": 21, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_83_20200803143544.jpg", "total_launch_count": 20, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 20 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz25202.1b_image_20230811103805.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6492, "location_launch_attempt_count": 15, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 15, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 314, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 124, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "224c8fb5-11a0-4bdf-a1d2-1b4ef197eec1", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/224c8fb5-11a0-4bdf-a1d2-1b4ef197eec1/?format=api", "slug": "saturn-v-skylab-1", "name": "Saturn V | Skylab 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-13T19:00:34Z", "net": "1973-05-14T17:30:00Z", "window_end": "1973-05-14T17:30:00Z", "window_start": "1973-05-14T17:30:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 237, "configuration": { "id": 93, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/93/?format=api", "name": "Saturn V", "family": "Saturn", "full_name": "Saturn V", "variant": "V" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 87, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/87/?format=api", "agency_id": 121, "name": "Launch Complex 39A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.60822681,-80.60428186", "latitude": "28.60822681", "longitude": "-80.60428186", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 279, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_87_20200803143537.jpg", "total_launch_count": 221, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 220 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/saturn2520v_image_20190222030036.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/13/?format=api", "name": "Skylab", "description": "Skylab was the first United States space station, launched by NASA, occupied for about 24 weeks between May 1973 and February 1974. It was operated by three separate three-astronaut crews: SL-2, SL-3 and SL-4. Major operations included an orbital workshop, a solar observatory, Earth observation, and hundreds of experiments.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/skylab_program_20240305184407.png", "start_date": "1973-05-14T17:30:00Z", "end_date": "1979-07-11T16:37:00Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1450, "location_launch_attempt_count": 13, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 12, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 121, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 28, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "224b2d74-e20f-4b01-a062-533f3f755c55", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/224b2d74-e20f-4b01-a062-533f3f755c55/?format=api", "slug": "thorad-slv-2g-agena-d-nimbus-3", "name": "Thorad SLV-2G Agena D | Nimbus 3", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:18:57Z", "net": "1969-04-14T07:54:03Z", "window_end": "1969-04-14T07:54:03Z", "window_start": "1969-04-14T07:54:03Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3899, "configuration": { "id": 418, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/418/?format=api", "name": "Thorad SLV-2G Agena D", "family": "Thor", "full_name": "Thorad SLV-2G Agena D", "variant": "SLV-2G Agena D" } }, "mission": { "id": 2317, "name": "Nimbus 3", "description": "Identical payload to the Nimbus-B meteorological R&D satellite which was lost due to a malfunction in the booster guidance system less than a year before. It was designed to serve as a stabilized, earth-oriented platform for the testing of advanced systems for sensing and collecting meteorological data. It was lost due to a malfunction in the booster guidance system.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 98, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/98/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Space Launch Complex 2E", "description": "SLC-2E, was used for Delta, Thor-Agena and Thorad launches between 1966 and 1972 and has been demolished", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_2", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.7516,-120.6192", "latitude": "34.7516", "longitude": "-120.6192", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 865, "total_landing_count": 33 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_98_20200803143228.jpg", "total_launch_count": 47, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 47 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/thorad-slv2g_ag_image_20251102061406.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 963, "location_launch_attempt_count": 324, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 40, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 488, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 44, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "2247ab97-e368-4bd7-bf56-3fe307e379eb", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/2247ab97-e368-4bd7-bf56-3fe307e379eb/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-6u-57", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-6U 57", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:04Z", "net": "1982-05-15T14:20:00Z", "window_end": "1982-05-15T14:20:00Z", "window_start": "1982-05-15T14:20:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5397, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 3804, "name": "Zenit-6U 57", "description": "Optical film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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