Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=6740&ordering=id
{ "count": 7506, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6750&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6730&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "e4be286d-77f3-4ee6-b361-fc29d265eebe", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e4be286d-77f3-4ee6-b361-fc29d265eebe/?format=api", "slug": "n1-soyuz-7k-lok-no1", "name": "N1 | Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:19:19Z", "net": "1971-06-26T23:15:08Z", "window_end": "1971-06-26T23:15:08Z", "window_start": "1971-06-26T23:15:08Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": 0, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": "", "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2448, "configuration": { "id": 114, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/114/?format=api", "name": "N1", "family": "", "full_name": "N1", "variant": "N1" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 103, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/103/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "110/37 (110L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.964747,63.304744", "latitude": "45.964747", "longitude": "63.304744", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_103_20200803143220.jpg", "total_launch_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/8/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "description": "The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_program_20201129185543.png", "start_date": "1966-11-28T11:02:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1235, "location_launch_attempt_count": 329, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 584, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 1235, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 43, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e4c34b02-4b70-495b-9bc9-5cd19788ff2c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e4c34b02-4b70-495b-9bc9-5cd19788ff2c/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-starlink-group-11-10", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Starlink Group 11-10", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-02-11T05:08:44Z", "net": "2025-02-11T02:09:40Z", "window_end": "2025-02-11T03:20:09Z", "window_start": "2025-02-10T23:46:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8515, "configuration": { "id": 164, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 7105, "name": "Starlink Group 11-10", "description": "A batch of 23 satellites for the Starlink mega-constellation - SpaceX's project for space-based Internet communication system.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "SpX", "description": "Space Exploration Technologies Corp., known as SpaceX, is an American aerospace manufacturer and space transport services company headquartered in Hawthorne, California. It was founded in 2002 by entrepreneur Elon Musk with the goal of reducing space transportation costs and enabling the colonization of Mars. SpaceX operates from many pads, on the East Coast of the US they operate from SLC-40 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station and historic LC-39A at Kennedy Space Center. They also operate from SLC-4E at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, usually for polar launches. Another launch site is being developed at Boca Chica, Texas.", "administrator": "CEO: Elon Musk", "founding_year": "2002", "launchers": "Falcon | Starship", "spacecraft": "Dragon", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 511, "consecutive_successful_launches": 34, "successful_launches": 497, "failed_launches": 14, "pending_launches": 118, "consecutive_successful_landings": 80, "successful_landings": 458, "failed_landings": 26, "attempted_landings": 483, "info_url": "http://www.spacex.com/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_logo_20220826094919.png", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_image_20190207032501.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spacex_nation_20230531064544.jpg" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/16/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": "34.632", "longitude": "-120.611", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 807, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 193, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 193 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20221009234147.png", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 25, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/25/?format=api", "name": "Starlink", "description": "Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by American aerospace company SpaceX", "agencies": [ { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/starlink_program_20231228154508.jpeg", "start_date": "2018-02-22T14:17:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://starlink.com", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink", "mission_patches": [ { "id": 7, "name": "Space X Starlink Mission Patch", "priority": 10, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/mission_patch_images/space2520x252_mission_patch_20221011205756.png", "agency": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } } ], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6878, "location_launch_attempt_count": 792, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 180, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 468, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 29, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 19, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e4c48090-08c1-4914-9426-496851fd2493", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e4c48090-08c1-4914-9426-496851fd2493/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-4-26", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-4 26", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:15Z", "net": "1967-02-08T10:19:59Z", "window_end": "1967-02-08T10:19:59Z", "window_start": "1967-02-08T10:19:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3620, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2039, "name": "Zenit-4 26", "description": "Zenit-4 film-return reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1675, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_168_20200803143446.jpg", "total_launch_count": 310, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 310 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 662, "location_launch_attempt_count": 9, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 219, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e4d243bc-153c-454f-a426-69100b0daedc", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e4d243bc-153c-454f-a426-69100b0daedc/?format=api", "slug": "gravity-1-maiden-flight", "name": "Gravity-1 | Maiden flight", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-05T17:50:48Z", "net": "2024-01-11T05:30:00Z", "window_end": "2024-01-11T07:05:00Z", "window_start": "2024-01-11T05:15:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1080, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1080/?format=api", "name": "Orienspace Technology", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8157, "configuration": { "id": 503, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/503/?format=api", "name": "Gravity-1", "family": "", "full_name": "Gravity-1", "variant": "Gravity-1" } }, "mission": { "id": 6718, "name": "Maiden flight", "description": "First launch of Chinese private company OrienSpace's Gravity-1 launch vehicle from an ocean-going launch platform. Payload is Yunyao-1 18-20, 3 weather satellites performing atmospheric measurements using GNSS Radio Occultation for a Tianjin based company. Constellation is planned to have an eventual 90 satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 212, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/212/?format=api", "agency_id": 88, "name": "Haiyang Spaceport", "description": "Sea-based spaceport", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": null, "latitude": "36.676794", "longitude": "121.235103", "location": { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/3/?format=api", "name": "Sea Launch", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_3_20200803142448.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 56, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_haiyang_spaceport_20230827174240.jpg", "total_launch_count": 4, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gravity-12520_image_20240112065126.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6598, "location_launch_attempt_count": 49, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e4d9548d-0991-40e2-82e0-f418f55f1f12", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e4d9548d-0991-40e2-82e0-f418f55f1f12/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-yantar-4k2-15", "name": "Soyuz U | Yantar-4K2 15", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:40:54Z", "net": "1985-05-23T12:40:00Z", "window_end": "1985-05-23T12:40:00Z", "window_start": "1985-05-23T12:40:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5746, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4146, "name": "Yantar-4K2 15", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_20_20200803143516.jpg", "total_launch_count": 422, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 422 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2944, "location_launch_attempt_count": 741, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 282, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1887, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 40, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 31, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e4e95d04-1adc-4015-abb8-dcfd9fe14910", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e4e95d04-1adc-4015-abb8-dcfd9fe14910/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-8-76", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-8 76", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:26Z", "net": "1989-02-10T16:55:00Z", "window_end": "1989-02-10T16:55:00Z", "window_start": "1989-02-10T16:55:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6148, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4538, "name": "Zenit-8 76", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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