Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=6700&ordering=last_updated
{ "count": 7507, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6710&ordering=last_updated", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6690&ordering=last_updated", "results": [ { "id": "f0f2d68e-85b4-4051-9554-bb98b6148860", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/f0f2d68e-85b4-4051-9554-bb98b6148860/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-starlink-8", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Starlink 8", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:52:04Z", "net": "2020-06-13T09:21:18Z", "window_end": "2020-06-13T09:21:18Z", "window_start": "2020-06-13T09:21:18Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": 70, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 2713, "configuration": { "id": 164, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 1115, "name": "Starlink 8", "description": "A batch of 58 satellites for Starlink mega-constellation - SpaceX's project for space-based Internet communication system. This launch will also carry three SkySat Earth-imaging satellites as a rideshare for Planet.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 80, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/80/?format=api", "agency_id": 121, "name": "Space Launch Complex 40", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_40", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.56194122,-80.57735736", "latitude": "28.56194122", "longitude": "-80.57735736", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1024, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_80_20200803143323.jpg", "total_launch_count": 308, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 308 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20221009234147.png", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 25, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/25/?format=api", "name": "Starlink", "description": "Starlink is a satellite internet constellation operated by American aerospace company SpaceX", "agencies": [ { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/starlink_program_20231228154508.jpeg", "start_date": "2018-02-22T14:17:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://starlink.com", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starlink", "mission_patches": [ { "id": 7, "name": "Space X Starlink Mission Patch", "priority": 10, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/mission_patch_images/space2520x252_mission_patch_20221011205756.png", "agency": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } } ], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5964, "location_launch_attempt_count": 800, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 109, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 98, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 42, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "4512267a-d01b-4dc5-883a-2148e0e64682", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/4512267a-d01b-4dc5-883a-2148e0e64682/?format=api", "slug": "rokot-briz-km-gonets-m12-2-x-strela-3-kosmos-2467", "name": "Rokot / Briz-KM | Gonets-M12 & 2 x Strela-3 (Kosmos 2467, Kosmos 2468)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:52:15Z", "net": "2010-09-08T03:30:18Z", "window_end": "2010-09-08T03:30:18Z", "window_start": "2010-09-08T03:30:18Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1479, "configuration": { "id": 40, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/40/?format=api", "name": "Rokot/Briz-KM", "family": "Rokot", "full_name": "Rokot/Briz-KM", "variant": "Briz-KM" } }, "mission": { "id": 798, "name": "Gonets-M12 & 2 x Strela-3 (Kosmos 2467, Kosmos 2468)", "description": "Gonets-M are an upgraded version of Gonets satellites, derived from military communications system Strela-3. Gonets-M constellation is tasked with monitoring ecological and industrial objects, providing communication and data transmission services, covering also the remote areas like the Far North region.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/3/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "133/3 (133L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.886999,40.846984", "latitude": "62.886999", "longitude": "40.846984", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1675, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_3_20200803143438.jpg", "total_launch_count": 159, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 159 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/rokot25202f2520briz-km_image_20190224012237.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5077, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1574, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 142, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 77, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 45, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "250db65f-730a-4e3d-9902-3acd4d95543b", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/250db65f-730a-4e3d-9902-3acd4d95543b/?format=api", "slug": "space-shuttle-discovery-ov-103-sts-64", "name": "Space Shuttle Discovery / OV-103 | STS-64", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:52:54Z", "net": "1994-09-09T22:22:53Z", "window_end": "1994-09-09T22:22:53Z", "window_start": "1994-09-09T22:22:53Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 192, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/192/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Space Operations Company", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 380, "configuration": { "id": 493, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/493/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "family": "", "full_name": "Space Shuttle", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 765, "name": "STS-64", "description": "STS-64 was a Space Shuttle Discovery mission that was set to perform multiple experiment packages. STS-64 was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 9 September 1994, and landed back on 20 September 1994 at Edwards Air Force Base.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/4/?format=api", "agency_id": 44, "name": "Launch Complex 39B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39B", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.62711233,-80.62101503", "latitude": "28.62711233", "longitude": "-80.62101503", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 265, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_4_20200803143518.jpg", "total_launch_count": 58, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 57 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space_shuttle_image_20230422074810.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/6/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "description": "The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space2520shutt_program_20200820202237.png", "start_date": "1981-04-12T12:00:03Z", "end_date": "2011-07-08T15:29:00Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3930, "location_launch_attempt_count": 81, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 29, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 55, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 62, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "83e8fa14-0661-489f-baf4-43365fa2fc9c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/83e8fa14-0661-489f-baf4-43365fa2fc9c/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21afregat-m-kanopus-v-no5-kanopus-v-no6", "name": "Soyuz 2.1a/Fregat-M | Kanopus-V No.5 & Kanopus-V No.6", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:53:09Z", "net": "2018-12-27T02:07:18Z", "window_end": "2018-12-27T02:07:18Z", "window_start": "2018-12-27T02:07:18Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 51, "configuration": { "id": 45, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/45/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1a/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1a Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 35, "name": "Kanopus-V No.5 & Kanopus-V No.6", "description": "Kanopus-V is a series of Russian Earth observation satellites. They are used for real-time monitoring of natural and man-made emergencies, detecting forest fires, monitoring of land and water resources.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 83, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/83/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "Cosmodrome Site 1S", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostochny_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=51.884395,128.333932", "latitude": "51.884395", "longitude": "128.333932", "location": { "id": 18, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/18/?format=api", "name": "Vostochny Cosmodrome, Siberia, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "The Vostochny Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport above the 51st parallel north in the Amur Oblast, in the Russian Far East. It is intended to reduce Russia's dependency on the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The first launch took place on 28 April 2016 at 02:01 UTC.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_18_20200803142401.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Yakutsk", "total_launch_count": 19, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_83_20200803143544.jpg", "total_launch_count": 18, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 18 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz25202.1a_image_20190726062341.png", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5819, "location_launch_attempt_count": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 279, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 113, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7a8b05d4-846d-4605-9fa6-ead7a70a0964", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7a8b05d4-846d-4605-9fa6-ead7a70a0964/?format=api", "slug": "pegasus-hybrid-high-energy-transient-explorer-2-he", "name": "Pegasus Hybrid | High Energy Transient Explorer 2 (HETE-2)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:53:23Z", "net": "2000-10-09T05:38:18Z", "window_end": "2000-10-09T05:38:18Z", "window_start": "2000-10-09T05:38:18Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/100/?format=api", "name": "Orbital Sciences Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 457, "configuration": { "id": 129, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/129/?format=api", "name": "Pegasus Hybrid", "family": "Pegasus", "full_name": "Pegasus Hybrid", "variant": "Hybrid" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 59, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/59/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Kwajalein Atoll", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwajalein_Atoll", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=8.716667,167.733333", "latitude": "8.716667", "longitude": "167.733333", "location": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/20/?format=api", "name": "Air launch to orbit", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_20_20200803142433.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 51, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "MHL", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_59_20200803143427.jpg", "total_launch_count": 4, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pegasus_image_20190830213841.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4430, "location_launch_attempt_count": 29, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 37, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 4430, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7743eb7b-3d15-4808-aea2-55ce95df7e57", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7743eb7b-3d15-4808-aea2-55ce95df7e57/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21b-lotos-s1-kosmos-2528", "name": "Soyuz 2.1B | Lotos-S1 (Kosmos 2528)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:53:34Z", "net": "2018-10-25T00:15:18Z", "window_end": "2018-10-25T03:00:00Z", "window_start": "2018-10-24T22:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1380, "configuration": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/15/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 697, "name": "Lotos-S1 (Kosmos 2528)", "description": "Lotos-S1 spacecraft is a part of the Liana constellation, designed for orbital electronic intelligence.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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