Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=670&ordering=-name
{ "count": 7505, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=680&ordering=-name", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=660&ordering=-name", "results": [ { "id": "fa0c50c8-886a-4d25-a8b7-748b3f5b6c59", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fa0c50c8-886a-4d25-a8b7-748b3f5b6c59/?format=api", "slug": "unha-3-kwangmyongsong-3-unit-2", "name": "Unha-3 | Kwangmyongsong-3 Unit 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:58:09Z", "net": "2012-12-12T00:49:46Z", "window_end": "2012-12-12T00:49:46Z", "window_start": "2012-12-12T00:49:46Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 40, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/40/?format=api", "name": "Korean Committee of Space Technology", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1652, "configuration": { "id": 67, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/67/?format=api", "name": "Unha-3", "family": "Taepodong", "full_name": "Unha-3", "variant": "Unha-3" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 74, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/74/?format=api", "agency_id": 40, "name": "Unha Launch Pad", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=39.660065,124.705366", "latitude": "39.660065", "longitude": "124.705366", "location": { "id": 7, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/7/?format=api", "name": "Sohae Satellite Launching Station, Cholsan County, North Pyongan Province, Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "country_code": "PRK", "description": "Sohae Satellite Launching Station is a rocket launching site in Tongch'ang-ri, Cholsan County, North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The base is located among hills close to the northern border with China. The spaceport was built on the site of the village Pongdong-ri which was displaced during construction.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_7_20200803142414.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Pyongyang", "total_launch_count": 7, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "PRK", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_74_20200803143358.jpg", "total_launch_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/unha_image_20190222030930.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5265, "location_launch_attempt_count": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 4, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5265, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "828e4398-9328-4626-8232-943518bf5d8e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/828e4398-9328-4626-8232-943518bf5d8e/?format=api", "slug": "unha-3-kwangmyongsong-3", "name": "Unha-3 | Kwangmyongsong-3", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:58:09Z", "net": "2012-04-12T22:38:55Z", "window_end": "2012-04-12T22:38:55Z", "window_start": "2012-04-12T22:38:55Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 40, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/40/?format=api", "name": "Korean Committee of Space Technology", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1598, "configuration": { "id": 67, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/67/?format=api", "name": "Unha-3", "family": "Taepodong", "full_name": "Unha-3", "variant": "Unha-3" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 74, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/74/?format=api", "agency_id": 40, "name": "Unha Launch Pad", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sohae_Satellite_Launching_Station", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=39.660065,124.705366", "latitude": "39.660065", "longitude": "124.705366", "location": { "id": 7, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/7/?format=api", "name": "Sohae Satellite Launching Station, Cholsan County, North Pyongan Province, Democratic People's Republic of Korea", "country_code": "PRK", "description": "Sohae Satellite Launching Station is a rocket launching site in Tongch'ang-ri, Cholsan County, North Pyongan Province, North Korea. The base is located among hills close to the northern border with China. The spaceport was built on the site of the village Pongdong-ri which was displaced during construction.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_7_20200803142414.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Pyongyang", "total_launch_count": 7, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "PRK", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_74_20200803143358.jpg", "total_launch_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/unha_image_20190222030930.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5205, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5205, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "3f2f3cda-5167-4410-9408-39c709d6141e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/3f2f3cda-5167-4410-9408-39c709d6141e/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-tselina-r-4", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Tselina-R 4", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:22:46Z", "net": "1993-04-16T07:49:00Z", "window_end": "1993-04-16T07:49:00Z", "window_start": "1993-04-16T07:49:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6515, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4905, "name": "Tselina-R 4", "description": "Tselina-R series ELINT satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 126, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/126/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_126_20200803143238.jpg", "total_launch_count": 57, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 57 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3809, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1424, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 46, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 22, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "bd9f50ca-9e48-401f-85d1-71cd9a05c4bc", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/bd9f50ca-9e48-401f-85d1-71cd9a05c4bc/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-tselina-r-3", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Tselina-R 3", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:23:06Z", "net": "1991-06-13T15:41:00Z", "window_end": "1991-06-13T15:41:00Z", "window_start": "1991-06-13T15:41:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6374, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4764, "name": "Tselina-R 3", "description": "Tselina-R series ELINT satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 127, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/127/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_127_20200803143245.jpg", "total_launch_count": 65, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 65 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3640, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1363, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 51, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2425, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 43, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 20, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 30, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "ad96c61f-50d4-4117-85db-302b08f7b942", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/ad96c61f-50d4-4117-85db-302b08f7b942/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-tselina-r-2", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Tselina-R 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:22:45Z", "net": "1990-01-30T11:20:00Z", "window_end": "1990-01-30T11:20:00Z", "window_start": "1990-01-30T11:20:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6240, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4630, "name": "Tselina-R 2", "description": "Tselina-R series ELINT satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 126, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/126/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_126_20200803143238.jpg", "total_launch_count": 57, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 57 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3486, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1298, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 39, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2321, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "4452c3df-4419-48ce-b4fd-bc554fe3448d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/4452c3df-4419-48ce-b4fd-bc554fe3448d/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-tselina-r-1", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Tselina-R 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:23:07Z", "net": "1986-12-10T07:30:00Z", "window_end": "1986-12-10T07:30:00Z", "window_start": "1986-12-10T07:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5919, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4315, "name": "Tselina-R 1", "description": "Tselina-R series ELINT satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 127, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/127/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_127_20200803143245.jpg", "total_launch_count": 65, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 65 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3133, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1146, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 25, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2044, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 104, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 52, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 88, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "59a1addd-f882-4530-9612-8a0b1301422e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/59a1addd-f882-4530-9612-8a0b1301422e/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-tselina-d-69", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Tselina-D 69", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:23:05Z", "net": "1994-05-25T10:15:00Z", "window_end": "1994-05-25T10:15:00Z", "window_start": "1994-05-25T10:15:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6589, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4979, "name": "Tselina-D 69", "description": "Tselina-D satellites provided detailed observation of radio sources detected by the smaller Tselina-O satellites as part of the Tselina ELINT system.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 127, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/127/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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