Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=6660&ordering=id
{ "count": 7981, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6670&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6650&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "d4a6a953-d1b2-4f68-b891-b9c75fc96ff2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4a6a953-d1b2-4f68-b891-b9c75fc96ff2/?format=api", "slug": "new-shepard-ns-23", "name": "New Shepard | NS-23", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2025-11-16T18:46:50Z", "net": "2022-09-12T14:27:00Z", "window_end": "2022-09-12T16:00:00Z", "window_start": "2022-09-12T13:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "Launch escape system activated at T+1:05 following apparent BE-3 booster engine shutdown; capsule landed nominally", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7632, "configuration": { "id": 137, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/137/?format=api", "name": "New Shepard", "family": "", "full_name": "New Shepard", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6133, "name": "NS-23", "description": "Twenty-third flight of New Shepard carrying 36 science and research payloads along with tens of thousands of postcards from Club For Future.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Suborbital", "orbit": { "id": 15, "name": "Suborbital", "abbrev": "Sub" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 90, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/90/?format=api", "agency_id": 141, "name": "West Texas Suborbital Launch Site/ Corn Ranch", "description": null, "info_url": "https://www.blueorigin.com", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Ranch", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=31.422878000000000,-104.757121000000000", "latitude": "31.422878", "longitude": "-104.757121", "location": { "id": 29, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/29/?format=api", "name": "Corn Ranch, Van Horn, TX, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Corn Ranch, commonly referred to as Launch Site One (LSO), is a spaceport owned and operated by Blue Origin which is located approximately 30 miles north of the town of Van Horn, Texas, United States.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_29_20200803142436.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Chicago", "total_launch_count": 38, "total_landing_count": 38 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_90_20200803143233.jpg", "total_launch_count": 38, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/new2520shepard_image_20190207032624.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": null, "location_launch_attempt_count": 23, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 23, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 23, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": null, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d4ab0770-45ea-4dae-b44b-b0be66c6a71d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4ab0770-45ea-4dae-b44b-b0be66c6a71d/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-3be-whg-02", "name": "Long March 3B/E | WHG-02", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-08-02T14:47:22Z", "net": "2024-08-01T13:14:00Z", "window_end": "2024-08-01T13:39:00Z", "window_start": "2024-08-01T13:04:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 8287, "configuration": { "id": 50, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/50/?format=api", "name": "Long March 3B/E", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 3B/E", "variant": "B/E" } }, "mission": { "id": 6868, "name": "WHG-02", "description": "Chinese communication satellite with name meaning \"Satellite Internet - High Orbit Satellite 02\" in Chinese. Details TBD.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 45, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/45/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Complex 2 (LC-2)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.245504,102.026768", "latitude": "28.245504", "longitude": "102.026768", "location": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/16/?format=api", "name": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a spaceport in China. It is located in Zeyuan Town, northwest of Xichang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_16_20200803142513.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 242, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_45_20200803143520.jpg", "total_launch_count": 126, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 126 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march_image_20230907120240.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6728, "location_launch_attempt_count": 208, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 111, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 476, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 139, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d4ae4549-249f-4018-aae8-e481b855f0dc", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4ae4549-249f-4018-aae8-e481b855f0dc/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-2-us-a-11", "name": "Tsiklon-2 | US-A 11", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:17Z", "net": "1975-12-12T12:45:00Z", "window_end": "1975-12-12T12:45:00Z", "window_start": "1975-12-12T12:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4653, "configuration": { "id": 443, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/443/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-2", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 3071, "name": "US-A 11", "description": "Active radar satellite for ocean surveillance powered by a nuclear reactor.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 132, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/132/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "90", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.081,62.929806", "latitude": "46.081", "longitude": "62.929806", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1565, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_132_20200803143344.jpg", "total_launch_count": 74, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 74 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tsyklon-2_lifto_image_20240411113159.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1773, "location_launch_attempt_count": 440, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 972, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 122, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 25, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 86, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d4b94e36-826f-4b19-abda-640794f86a51", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4b94e36-826f-4b19-abda-640794f86a51/?format=api", "slug": "pslv-xl-irnss-1b", "name": "PSLV XL | IRNSS-1B", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:54:28Z", "net": "2014-04-04T11:44:00Z", "window_end": "2014-04-04T11:44:00Z", "window_start": "2014-04-04T11:44:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/31/?format=api", "name": "Indian Space Research Organization", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1747, "configuration": { "id": 38, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/38/?format=api", "name": "PSLV-XL", "family": "PSLV", "full_name": "PSLV XL", "variant": "XL" } }, "mission": { "id": 31, "name": "IRNSS-1B", "description": "IRNSS-1B is the second out of seven in the Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) series of satellites after IRNSS-1A. The satellite is one among the seven of the IRNSS constellation of satellites slated to provide navigational services to the region. The satellite operates in geosynchronous orbit.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 4, "name": "Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GSTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 50, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/50/?format=api", "agency_id": 31, "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre First Launch Pad", "description": "India has two launch pads at the site. The First Launch Pad, operational since 1993, is used for Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, Small Satellite Launch Vehicle and formerly used by Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_First_Launch_Pad", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=13.733,80.235", "latitude": "13.733", "longitude": "80.235", "location": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/14/?format=api", "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India", "country_code": "IND", "description": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre – SDSC (formerly Sriharikota Range – SHAR),[1] is the primary spaceport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_14_20200803142403.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Kolkata", "total_launch_count": 105, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "IND", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_50_20200803143457.jpg", "total_launch_count": 64, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 63 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pslv_image_20190224012254.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5366, "location_launch_attempt_count": 42, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 25, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 41, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d4bf15fd-b412-4a72-a747-07a2ebc0c696", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4bf15fd-b412-4a72-a747-07a2ebc0c696/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-ii-uhf-fo-f4", "name": "Atlas II | UHF F/O F4", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:40:04Z", "net": "1995-01-29T01:25:01Z", "window_end": "1995-01-29T01:25:01Z", "window_start": "1995-01-29T01:25:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6645, "configuration": { "id": 253, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/253/?format=api", "name": "Atlas II", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas II", "variant": "II" } }, "mission": { "id": 5035, "name": "UHF F/O F4", "description": "The U.S. Navy began replacing and upgrading its ultra-high frequency (UHF) satellite communications network during the 1990s with a constellation of customized satellites built by Hughes Space and Communications Company. Known as the UFO (Ultra High Frequency Follow On) series, these HS-601 model satellites support the Navy's global communications network, serving ships at sea and a variety of other U.S. military fixed and mobile terminals.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/121/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36A", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1129, "total_landing_count": 79 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_121_20200803143231.jpg", "total_launch_count": 71, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 71 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3966, "location_launch_attempt_count": 492, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 38, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 950, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d4c15fe0-a8d5-4220-9f6e-5187c95eebf2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4c15fe0-a8d5-4220-9f6e-5187c95eebf2/?format=api", "slug": "titan-405a-sldcom-1", "name": "Titan 405A | SLDCOM 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:42:34Z", "net": "1990-06-08T05:21:41Z", "window_end": "1990-06-08T05:21:41Z", "window_start": "1990-06-08T05:21:41Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6276, "configuration": { "id": 434, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/434/?format=api", "name": "Titan 405A", "family": "Titan", "full_name": "Titan 405A", "variant": "405A" } }, "mission": { "id": 4666, "name": "SLDCOM 1", "description": "Dispenser satellite for the NOSS-2 triplet of ocean surveillance satellites", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 29, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/29/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 41", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.58341025,-80.58303644", "latitude": "28.58341025", "longitude": "-80.58303644", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1129, "total_landing_count": 79 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_29_20200803143528.jpg", "total_launch_count": 125, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 125 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3528, "location_launch_attempt_count": 433, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 19, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 884, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 52, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d4c7a175-268d-4ac9-a111-6f7883c65a88", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d4c7a175-268d-4ac9-a111-6f7883c65a88/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u2-soyuz-tm-8", "name": "Soyuz-U2 | Soyuz TM-8", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:43:57Z", "net": "1989-09-05T21:38:03Z", "window_end": "1989-09-05T21:38:03Z", "window_start": "1989-09-05T21:38:03Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 328, "configuration": { "id": 101, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/101/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U", "family": "", "full_name": "Soyuz-U2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 353, "name": "Soyuz TM-8", "description": "Soyuz TM-8 was the eighth mission and the fifth long-duration expedition to Mir space station. The mission began on September 5, 1989, 21:38:03 UTC, launching Commander Alexander Viktorenko and Flight Engineer Aleksandr Serebrov into orbit. They docked with Mir two days later. During their stay there, cosmonauts performed five EVAs, various station maintenance tasks, and carried out scientific experiments in medicine, geophysics, space technology, earth observation, astronomy etc.\nThe crew returned after 166 days in orbit, landing safely back on Earth on February 19, 1990, 04:36:18 UTC.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. 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