Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=6580&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7507, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6590&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=6570&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "e3ec603e-b05d-49df-bf81-e7cc4e940ea9", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e3ec603e-b05d-49df-bf81-e7cc4e940ea9/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-4-44", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-4 44", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:16Z", "net": "1968-07-16T13:10:00Z", "window_end": "1968-07-16T13:10:00Z", "window_start": "1968-07-16T13:10:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3804, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2222, "name": "Zenit-4 44", "description": "Zenit-4 film-return reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1675, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_168_20200803143446.jpg", "total_launch_count": 310, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 310 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 856, "location_launch_attempt_count": 54, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 36, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 334, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 68, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 45, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d5389990-67ff-466f-9de7-ffeaae83d0bf", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d5389990-67ff-466f-9de7-ffeaae83d0bf/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-f-ov1-15", "name": "Atlas F | OV1-15", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:41Z", "net": "1968-07-11T19:30:00Z", "window_end": "1968-07-11T19:30:00Z", "window_start": "1968-07-11T19:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3803, "configuration": { "id": 244, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/244/?format=api", "name": "Atlas F", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "SM-65F Atlas", "variant": "F" } }, "mission": { "id": 2221, "name": "OV1-15", "description": "The OV1 (Orbiting Vehicle 1) were small research satellite to be launched piggy back on Atlas ICBM test flights. They consisted in general of the OV1 satellite and the OV1-PM propulsion module (or upper stage) to reach orbit.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 172, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/172/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "576A2", "description": "The very first Atlas D operational ICBM sites, these were above ground with open support towers. These missiles were on alert from 31 October 1959 until 1 May 1964. After going off alert in 1964, Alpha 1 and 2 were used by the USAF for Atlas satellite rocket launches until 1974", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Air_Force_Base_Launch_Complex_576", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.7394444,-120.6213607", "latitude": "34.7394444", "longitude": "-120.6213607", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 808, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_172_20200803143419.jpg", "total_launch_count": 4, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 855, "location_launch_attempt_count": 302, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 452, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 67, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 19, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "55be7ebf-3858-4d6a-b25d-567efc824d1a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/55be7ebf-3858-4d6a-b25d-567efc824d1a/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-2-63", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-2 63", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:41:01Z", "net": "1968-07-10T19:49:58Z", "window_end": "1968-07-10T19:49:58Z", "window_start": "1968-07-10T19:49:58Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3802, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2220, "name": "Zenit-2 63", "description": "Zenit-2 film-return and ELINT reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_20_20200803143516.jpg", "total_launch_count": 422, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 422 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 854, "location_launch_attempt_count": 224, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 74, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 333, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 66, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 21, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 44, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "505ef210-81a3-4a65-8a0e-9667e10322df", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/505ef210-81a3-4a65-8a0e-9667e10322df/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-m-molniya-1-9", "name": "Molniya-M | Molniya-1 9", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:48:20Z", "net": "1968-07-05T15:25:59Z", "window_end": "1968-07-05T15:25:59Z", "window_start": "1968-07-05T15:25:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3801, "configuration": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya-M 2BL", "variant": "2BL" } }, "mission": { "id": 2219, "name": "Molniya-1 9", "description": "The Molniya were Soviet communication satellites operating from an inclined highly elliptical earth orbit of 500 km × 40000 km with 12 hour period for coverage of high northern latitudes.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 853, "location_launch_attempt_count": 223, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 107, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 332, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 65, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 20, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 43, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "ea5c2768-6db9-410c-b671-eeafc474e159", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/ea5c2768-6db9-410c-b671-eeafc474e159/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-11k63-ds-u3-s-2", "name": "Kosmos 11K63 | DS-U3-S 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:25:00Z", "net": "1968-07-05T06:59:50Z", "window_end": "1968-07-05T06:59:50Z", "window_start": "1968-07-05T06:59:50Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3800, "configuration": { "id": 327, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/327/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos 11K63", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos 11K63", "variant": "11K63" } }, "mission": { "id": 2218, "name": "DS-U3-S 2", "description": "The DS-U3-S satellites were Soviet scientific satellites launched as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik program. They were used to conduct multispectral imaging of the Sun.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Astrophysics", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 140, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/140/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "86/4", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapustin_Yar", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=48.56935,46.293219", "latitude": "48.56935", "longitude": "46.293219", "location": { "id": 30, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/30/?format=api", "name": "Kapustin Yar, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Kapustin Yar is a Russian military training area and a rocket launch complex in Astrakhan Oblast, about 100 km east of Volgograd. It was established by the Soviet Union on 13 May 1946. In the beginning, Kapustin Yar used technology, material, and scientific support gained from the defeat of Germany in World War II. Numerous launches of test rockets for the Russian military were carried out at the site, as well as satellite and sounding rocket launches.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_30_20200803142515.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Volgograd", "total_launch_count": 101, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_140_20200803143350.jpg", "total_launch_count": 24, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 24 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 852, "location_launch_attempt_count": 58, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 8, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 331, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 64, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 42, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "4612b7e9-8842-4fa5-a86e-8993864e5e8d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/4612b7e9-8842-4fa5-a86e-8993864e5e8d/?format=api", "slug": "thor-delta-j-rae-1", "name": "Thor Delta J | RAE 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:18:56Z", "net": "1968-07-04T17:26:50Z", "window_end": "1968-07-04T17:26:50Z", "window_start": "1968-07-04T17:26:50Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3799, "configuration": { "id": 407, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/407/?format=api", "name": "Thor Delta J", "family": "Thor", "full_name": "Thor Delta J", "variant": "Delta J" } }, "mission": { "id": 2217, "name": "RAE 1", "description": "The RAE A (Radio Astronomy Explorer A) spacecraft measured the intensity of celestial radio sources, particularly the sun, as a function of time, direction, and frequency (0.2 to 20 MHz).", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Astrophysics", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 98, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/98/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Space Launch Complex 2E", "description": "SLC-2E, was used for Delta, Thor-Agena and Thorad launches between 1966 and 1972 and has been demolished", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_2", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.7516,-120.6192", "latitude": "34.7516", "longitude": "-120.6192", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 808, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_98_20200803143228.jpg", "total_launch_count": 47, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 47 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 851, "location_launch_attempt_count": 301, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 36, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 451, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 63, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 18, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "69ce2054-40ed-4f42-9b11-60006ffed1ad", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/69ce2054-40ed-4f42-9b11-60006ffed1ad/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-4-43", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-4 43", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:22Z", "net": "1968-06-26T11:00:01Z", "window_end": "1968-06-26T11:00:01Z", "window_start": "1968-06-26T11:00:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3798, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2216, "name": "Zenit-4 43", "description": "Zenit-4 film-return reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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