Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=4370&ordering=-id
{ "count": 7507, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=4380&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=4360&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "6d55d3cf-5c95-4c23-8c5e-1da44fbe299d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d55d3cf-5c95-4c23-8c5e-1da44fbe299d/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-iridium-9-oneweb-19", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Iridium-9 & OneWeb 19", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-05T18:22:47Z", "net": "2023-05-20T13:16:33Z", "window_end": "2023-05-20T13:16:33Z", "window_start": "2023-05-20T13:16:33Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7638, "configuration": { "id": 164, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 6139, "name": "Iridium-9 & OneWeb 19", "description": "5 spare satellites for the Iridium NEXT constellation and 16 satellites for the OneWeb constellation (15 of current generation and 1 demonstration satellite for the next generation) on a share-ride.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/16/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": "34.632", "longitude": "-120.611", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 808, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 194, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 194 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20240101091708.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/28/?format=api", "name": "Iridium Constellation", "description": "The Iridium satellite constellation provides L band voice and data information coverage to satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers.", "agencies": [ { "id": 202, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/202/?format=api", "name": "Iridium Communications", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/iridium2520con_program_20231228184831.jpeg", "start_date": "1997-05-05T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://iridium.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } }, { "id": 26, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/26/?format=api", "name": "OneWeb", "description": "Satellite constellation in low Earth orbit that can provide high-speed broadband internet to rural and isolated areas.", "agencies": [ { "id": 1081, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1081/?format=api", "name": "Eutelsat OneWeb", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/oneweb_program_20231228155842.jpeg", "start_date": "2019-02-27T21:37:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://oneweb.net/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6441, "location_launch_attempt_count": 719, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 110, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 247, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 73, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 34, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d4e1c5d-e61d-4148-8867-b0c589e97c67", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d4e1c5d-e61d-4148-8867-b0c589e97c67/?format=api", "slug": "delta-7425-95-contour", "name": "Delta 7425-9.5 | Contour", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-12-31T12:32:17Z", "net": "2002-07-03T06:47:41Z", "window_end": "2002-07-03T06:47:41Z", "window_start": "2002-07-03T06:47:41Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7096, "configuration": { "id": 304, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/304/?format=api", "name": "Delta II", "family": "Delta", "full_name": "Delta II 7425-9.5", "variant": "7425-9.5" } }, "mission": { "id": 5485, "name": "Contour", "description": "The CONTOUR (Comet Nucleus Tour) probe, built and operated by the Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), began its five year mission to explore three comets, using repeated encounters with the earth to modify its orbit in order to reach each target.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Heliophysics", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/14/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 17A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4472,-80.565", "latitude": "28.4472", "longitude": "-80.565", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1024, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_14_20200803143451.jpg", "total_launch_count": 145, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 145 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 33, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/33/?format=api", "name": "Discovery Program", "description": "The Discovery Program is a series of Solar System exploration missions funded by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through its Planetary Missions Program Office. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's New Frontiers or Flagship Programs. As a result, Discovery missions tend to be more focused on a specific scientific goal rather than serving a general purpose.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/discovery2520p_program_20231231122246.jpeg", "start_date": "1990-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/discovery-program/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Exploration" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4545, "location_launch_attempt_count": 600, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 131, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1044, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 34, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d4bbfad-eb2a-4626-b62f-65cf4f8accb4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d4bbfad-eb2a-4626-b62f-65cf4f8accb4/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-g-centaur-intelsat-510", "name": "Atlas G Centaur | Intelsat 510", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:39:55Z", "net": "1985-03-22T23:55:00Z", "window_end": "1985-03-22T23:55:00Z", "window_start": "1985-03-22T23:55:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5733, "configuration": { "id": 250, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/250/?format=api", "name": "Atlas G Centaur", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas G Centaur", "variant": "G Centaur" } }, "mission": { "id": 4133, "name": "Intelsat 510", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 122, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/122/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1024, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_122_20200803143232.jpg", "total_launch_count": 76, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 76 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2929, "location_launch_attempt_count": 403, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 31, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 833, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 25, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d2dd060-b9c0-4bc4-a5c2-23337a17044a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d2dd060-b9c0-4bc4-a5c2-23337a17044a/?format=api", "slug": "proton-ur-500-kd-kosmos-146", "name": "Proton / UR-500 K/D | Kosmos 146", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:46:20Z", "net": "1967-03-10T11:30:33Z", "window_end": "1967-03-10T11:30:33Z", "window_start": "1967-03-10T11:30:33Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": 0, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": "", "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2427, "configuration": { "id": 191, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/191/?format=api", "name": "Proton", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton / UR-500 K/D", "variant": "K/D" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/31/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "81/23 (81L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.073997,62.977999", "latitude": "46.073997", "longitude": "62.977999", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_31_20200803143402.jpg", "total_launch_count": 104, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 104 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/8/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "description": "The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_program_20201129185543.png", "start_date": "1966-11-28T11:02:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 671, "location_launch_attempt_count": 170, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 224, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 671, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d2526ef-2a0a-4bc8-a717-afa27210d203", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d2526ef-2a0a-4bc8-a717-afa27210d203/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-2c-3-x-yaogan-30-3", "name": "Long March 2C | 3 x Yaogan-30", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:56:40Z", "net": "2018-01-25T05:39:04Z", "window_end": "2018-01-25T05:51:00Z", "window_start": "2018-01-25T05:31:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2071, "configuration": { "id": 61, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/61/?format=api", "name": "Long March 2", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 2C", "variant": "C" } }, "mission": { "id": 745, "name": "3 x Yaogan-30", "description": "Yaogan is a series of Chinese reconnaissance satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/66/?format=api", "agency_id": 17, "name": "Launch Complex 3 (LC-3/LA-1)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.247209,102.02917", "latitude": "28.247209", "longitude": "102.02917", "location": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/16/?format=api", "name": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a spaceport in China. It is located in Zeyuan Town, northwest of Xichang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_16_20200803142513.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 225, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_66_20200803143611.jpg", "total_launch_count": 100, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 100 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long_march_2_image_20230803100234.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5717, "location_launch_attempt_count": 110, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 42, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 212, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d222ee3-1451-44a1-865d-187a4157ba48", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d222ee3-1451-44a1-865d-187a4157ba48/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-8k78-molniya-1-3", "name": "Molniya 8K78 | Molniya-1 3", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:41:06Z", "net": "1966-04-25T07:10:00Z", "window_end": "1966-04-25T07:10:00Z", "window_start": "1966-04-25T07:10:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3518, "configuration": { "id": 184, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/184/?format=api", "name": "Molniya 8K78", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya 8K78", "variant": "8K78" } }, "mission": { "id": 1938, "name": "Molniya-1 3", "description": "The Molniya were Soviet communication satellites operating from an inclined highly elliptical earth orbit of 500 km × 40000 km with 12 hour period for coverage of high northern latitudes.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. 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