Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=4180&ordering=-id
{ "count": 7746, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=4190&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=4170&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "77bbf424-32d7-4b9e-85f9-2b1643845ee2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/77bbf424-32d7-4b9e-85f9-2b1643845ee2/?format=api", "slug": "spaceshiptwo-vss-enterprise-gf14", "name": "SpaceShipTwo | VSS Enterprise GF14", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:57:57Z", "net": "2011-06-23T12:00:00Z", "window_end": "2011-06-23T12:00:00Z", "window_start": "2011-06-23T12:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "type": "Private" }, "rocket": { "id": 2907, "configuration": { "id": 465, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/465/?format=api", "name": "SpaceShipTwo", "family": "", "full_name": "SpaceShipTwo", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1324, "name": "VSS Enterprise GF14", "description": "Free glide test flight of VSS Enterprise.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 15, "name": "Suborbital", "abbrev": "Sub" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 190, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/190/?format=api", "agency_id": 1024, "name": "Mojave Air and Space Port", "description": null, "info_url": "https://www.mojaveairport.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=35.0594444,-118.1538607", "latitude": "35.0594444", "longitude": "-118.1538607", "location": { "id": 144, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/144/?format=api", "name": "Air launch to Suborbital flight", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_144_20200803142439.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 86, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_190_20210522160913.jpg", "total_launch_count": 53, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceshiptwo_image_20210522140909.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": null, "location_launch_attempt_count": 34, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 15, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 15, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": null, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 12, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 12, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 12, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "77b8c668-a27e-424a-8d86-ff132e181936", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/77b8c668-a27e-424a-8d86-ff132e181936/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-resurs-f-1m", "name": "Soyuz U | Resurs F-1M", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:51:32Z", "net": "1997-11-18T11:14:59Z", "window_end": "1997-11-18T11:14:59Z", "window_start": "1997-11-18T11:14:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 270, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/270/?format=api", "name": "Strategic Rocket Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6820, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 5210, "name": "Resurs F-1M", "description": "The Resurs-F1M (17F43M) was one of three subseries of the Soviet Resurs-F1 film-return earth observation satellite family. They were a follow-on to the Fram (Zenit-4MKT) series.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/36/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/3 (43L)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": "62.9273", "longitude": "40.45", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1680, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 231, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 231 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4193, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1492, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 210, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 5, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 75, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "77aa6844-9cda-48bd-b690-1b5e14ea0089", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/77aa6844-9cda-48bd-b690-1b5e14ea0089/?format=api", "slug": "titan-34d-transtage-dsp-f13", "name": "Titan 34D Transtage | DSP F13", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:41:38Z", "net": "1987-11-29T03:27:20Z", "window_end": "1987-11-29T03:27:20Z", "window_start": "1987-11-29T03:27:20Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6017, "configuration": { "id": 426, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/426/?format=api", "name": "Titan 34D Transtage", "family": "Titan", "full_name": "Titan 34D Transtage", "variant": "34D Transtage" } }, "mission": { "id": 4408, "name": "DSP F13", "description": "Geostationary early warning satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 80, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/80/?format=api", "agency_id": 121, "name": "Space Launch Complex 40", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_40", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.56194122,-80.57735736", "latitude": "28.56194122", "longitude": "-80.57735736", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1076, "total_landing_count": 70 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_80_20200803143323.jpg", "total_launch_count": 354, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 354 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3240, "location_launch_attempt_count": 412, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 31, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 855, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 101, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "77a86aa9-dcf5-454e-9f06-5d1cea6204d9", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/77a86aa9-dcf5-454e-9f06-5d1cea6204d9/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-m-prognoz-2", "name": "Molniya-M | Prognoz-2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:41:12Z", "net": "1972-06-29T03:47:35Z", "window_end": "1972-06-29T03:47:35Z", "window_start": "1972-06-29T03:47:35Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4266, "configuration": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya-M 2BL", "variant": "2BL" } }, "mission": { "id": 2684, "name": "Prognoz-2", "description": "Prognoz is a series of research satellites to study solar activity and its influence on Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Heliophysics", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1559, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_20_20200803143516.jpg", "total_launch_count": 426, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 426 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/molniya_m_image_20251102061752.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1357, "location_launch_attempt_count": 356, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 135, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 668, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 51, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 13, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 36, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "779adbc2-bd98-432f-b3cc-6e2960753628", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/779adbc2-bd98-432f-b3cc-6e2960753628/?format=api", "slug": "proton-kdm-ekran-14", "name": "Proton-K/DM | Ekran", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:23:40Z", "net": "1983-03-12T14:00:00Z", "window_end": "1983-03-12T14:00:00Z", "window_start": "1983-03-12T14:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5490, "configuration": { "id": 349, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/349/?format=api", "name": "Proton-K/DM", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton-K/DM", "variant": "DM" } }, "mission": { "id": 3186, "name": "Ekran", "description": "Ekran was a Soviet series of geostationary satellites which were the first in the world to provide Direct-To-Home TV service.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 130, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/130/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "200/40", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.0336111,63.0266949", "latitude": "46.0336111", "longitude": "63.0266949", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1559, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_130_20200803143249.jpg", "total_launch_count": 64, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 64 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2663, "location_launch_attempt_count": 665, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 23, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1672, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 13, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "77941eb8-02ec-4829-86d8-d896eb2319c0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/77941eb8-02ec-4829-86d8-d896eb2319c0/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-pvb-zenit-8-99", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB | Zenit-8 99", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:11:11Z", "net": "1991-07-09T09:40:00Z", "window_end": "1991-07-09T09:40:00Z", "window_start": "1991-07-09T09:40:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6381, "configuration": { "id": 378, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/378/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "variant": "U-PVB" } }, "mission": { "id": 4771, "name": "Zenit-8 99", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1680, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_85_20200803143554.jpg", "total_launch_count": 325, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 325 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz-u_image_20191229074852.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3647, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1367, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 234, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2430, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 50, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 35, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7778aedf-d446-4530-90a1-0095a58ec0ec", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7778aedf-d446-4530-90a1-0095a58ec0ec/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-meteor-2-8", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Meteor-2 8", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:22:43Z", "net": "1982-03-25T09:50:00Z", "window_end": "1982-03-25T09:50:00Z", "window_start": "1982-03-25T09:50:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5379, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 3786, "name": "Meteor-2 8", "description": "Second generation soviet meteorological satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 126, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/126/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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