Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3870&ordering=name
https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3880&ordering=name", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3860&ordering=name", "results": [ { "id": "01e8127b-aac8-47ec-85fa-77f75aa4c4d2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/01e8127b-aac8-47ec-85fa-77f75aa4c4d2/?format=api", "slug": "n-2-yuri-2b", "name": "N-2 | Yuri 2B", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-07T13:08:27Z", "net": "1986-02-12T07:55:00Z", "window_end": "1986-02-12T07:55:00Z", "window_start": "1986-02-12T07:55:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 228, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/228/?format=api", "name": "National Space Development Agency of Japan", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5836, "configuration": { "id": 341, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/341/?format=api", "name": "N-2", "family": "", "full_name": "N-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4234, "name": "Yuri 2B", "description": "First generation Japanese direct broadcasting satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 10, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/10/?format=api", "agency_id": 37, "name": "Osaki Launch Complex", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=30.3993934,130.9702486", "latitude": "30.3993934", "longitude": "130.9702486", "location": { "id": 26, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/26/?format=api", "name": "Tanegashima Space Center, Japan", "country_code": "JPN", "description": "The Tanegashima Space Center is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan. It is located on the southeastern tip of Tanegashima, an island located south of Kyushu, an island and region and Japan. It was established in 1969 when the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) was formed, and is now run by JAXA. The activities that take place at TNSC include assembly, testing, launching, and tracking satellites, as well as rocket engine firing tests.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_26_20200803142507.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 95, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "JPN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_10_20200803143519.jpg", "total_launch_count": 24, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 24 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3046, "location_launch_attempt_count": 14, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 14, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 14, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "9cf80b86-70f6-4830-80f6-3fdaba9d4cfb", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/9cf80b86-70f6-4830-80f6-3fdaba9d4cfb/?format=api", "slug": "naro-1-stsat-2a", "name": "Naro-1 | STSat-2A", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:55:16Z", "net": "2009-08-25T08:00:33Z", "window_end": "2009-08-25T08:00:33Z", "window_start": "2009-08-25T08:00:33Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 41, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/41/?format=api", "name": "Korea Aerospace Research Institute", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7402, "configuration": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/12/?format=api", "name": "Naro-1", "family": "KSLV", "full_name": "KSLV Naro-1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": { "id": 5791, "name": "STSat-2A", "description": "South Korean astronomy satellite used as payload for Naro-1 test flights.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 64, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/64/?format=api", "agency_id": 41, "name": "LC-1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naro_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.431867,127.535069", "latitude": "34.431867", "longitude": "127.535069", "location": { "id": 9, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/9/?format=api", "name": "Naro Space Center, South Korea", "country_code": "KOR", "description": "The Naro Space Center is a South Korean spaceport in South Jeolla's Goheung County, operated by the state-run Korea Aerospace Research Institute.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_9_20200803142441.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Seoul", "total_launch_count": 7, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KOR", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_64_20200803143347.jpg", "total_launch_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5001, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 47, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1cb9fb8c-abfa-4c09-b094-b93b855b5388", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1cb9fb8c-abfa-4c09-b094-b93b855b5388/?format=api", "slug": "naro-1-stsat-2b", "name": "Naro-1 | STSAT-2B", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:55:16Z", "net": "2010-06-10T08:01:00Z", "window_end": "2010-06-10T08:01:00Z", "window_start": "2010-06-10T08:01:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "Rapid Unscheduled Disassembly during first stage burn.", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 41, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/41/?format=api", "name": "Korea Aerospace Research Institute", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1464, "configuration": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/12/?format=api", "name": "Naro-1", "family": "KSLV", "full_name": "KSLV Naro-1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 64, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/64/?format=api", "agency_id": 41, "name": "LC-1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naro_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.431867,127.535069", "latitude": "34.431867", "longitude": "127.535069", "location": { "id": 9, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/9/?format=api", "name": "Naro Space Center, South Korea", "country_code": "KOR", "description": "The Naro Space Center is a South Korean spaceport in South Jeolla's Goheung County, operated by the state-run Korea Aerospace Research Institute.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_9_20200803142441.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Seoul", "total_launch_count": 7, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KOR", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_64_20200803143347.jpg", "total_launch_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5060, "location_launch_attempt_count": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5060, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "ccc90b24-f0be-45a5-8e83-8227611a7c25", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/ccc90b24-f0be-45a5-8e83-8227611a7c25/?format=api", "slug": "naro-1-stsat-2c", "name": "Naro-1 | STSAT-2C", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:55:16Z", "net": "2013-01-30T07:00:00Z", "window_end": "2013-01-30T07:00:00Z", "window_start": "2013-01-30T07:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 41, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/41/?format=api", "name": "Korea Aerospace Research Institute", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1657, "configuration": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/12/?format=api", "name": "Naro-1", "family": "KSLV", "full_name": "KSLV Naro-1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 64, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/64/?format=api", "agency_id": 41, "name": "LC-1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naro_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.431867,127.535069", "latitude": "34.431867", "longitude": "127.535069", "location": { "id": 9, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/9/?format=api", "name": "Naro Space Center, South Korea", "country_code": "KOR", "description": "The Naro Space Center is a South Korean spaceport in South Jeolla's Goheung County, operated by the state-run Korea Aerospace Research Institute.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_9_20200803142441.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Seoul", "total_launch_count": 7, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KOR", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_64_20200803143347.jpg", "total_launch_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5271, "location_launch_attempt_count": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5271, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "a96ece1c-c745-43cc-a08a-b623e7b93957", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/a96ece1c-c745-43cc-a08a-b623e7b93957/?format=api", "slug": "neutron-maiden-flight", "name": "Neutron | Maiden Flight", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2025-05-09T01:29:22Z", "net": "2025-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_end": "2025-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-12-31T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 13, "name": "Year Half 2", "abbrev": "H2", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the second half of the given year." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 147, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/147/?format=api", "name": "Rocket Lab", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8409, "configuration": { "id": 476, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/476/?format=api", "name": "Neutron", "family": "", "full_name": "Neutron", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 7000, "name": "Maiden Flight", "description": "Maiden flight of the Neutron launch vehicle.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 25, "name": "Unknown", "abbrev": "N/A" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 147, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/147/?format=api", "name": "Rocket Lab", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "RL", "description": "Rocket Lab is an American aerospace manufacturer with a wholly owned New Zealand subsidiary. The company develops lightweight, cost-effective commercial rocket launch services. The Electron Program was founded on the premise that small payloads such as CubeSats require dedicated small launch vehicles and flexibility not currently offered by traditional rocket systems. Its rocket, the Electron, is a light-weight rocket and is now operating commercially. The company is also producing a variety of spacecrafts and spacecrafts components.", "administrator": "CEO: Peter Beck", "founding_year": "2006", "launchers": "Electron", "spacecraft": "", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 73, "consecutive_successful_launches": 32, "successful_launches": 69, "failed_launches": 4, "pending_launches": 46, "consecutive_successful_landings": 4, "successful_landings": 7, "failed_landings": 2, "attempted_landings": 9, "info_url": "https://rocketlabcorp.com", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Lab", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/rocket2520lab2520ltd_logo_20220218075411.png", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/rocket2520lab2520ltd_image_20190207032456.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/rocket2520lab2520ltd_nation_20230531050352.jpg" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 234, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/234/?format=api", "agency_id": 147, "name": "Rocket Lab Launch Complex 3 (Launch Area 0 D)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=37.8321693,-75.4899046", "latitude": "37.8321693", "longitude": "-75.4899046", "location": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/21/?format=api", "name": "Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Wallops Flight Facility is a rocket launch site on Wallops Island on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, United States, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and north-northeast of Norfolk. The facility is operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and primarily serves to support science and exploration missions for NASA and other federal agencies. WFF includes an extensively instrumented range to support launches of more than a dozen types of sounding rockets; small expendable suborbital and orbital rockets; high-altitude balloon flights carrying scientific instruments for atmospheric and astronomical research; and, using its Research Airport, flight tests of aeronautical research aircraft, including uncrewed aerial vehicles.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_21_20200803142423.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 82, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_rocket_lab_launch_complex_3_2528launch_area_0_d2529_20241115175136.jpg", "total_launch_count": 0, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/neutron_image_20230727171443.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7177, "location_launch_attempt_count": 89, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 91, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 328, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 33, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "8bd239c0-2ca4-4e43-8dd8-b9a299e6fb0f", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/8bd239c0-2ca4-4e43-8dd8-b9a299e6fb0f/?format=api", "slug": "neutron-nzsa-venus-mission", "name": "Neutron | NZSA Venus Mission", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2024-11-15T18:02:11Z", "net": "2026-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_end": "2026-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2026-12-31T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 14, "name": "Year", "abbrev": "Y", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the given year." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 147, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/147/?format=api", "name": "Rocket Lab", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8056, "configuration": { "id": 476, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/476/?format=api", "name": "Neutron", "family": "", "full_name": "Neutron", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6609, "name": "NZSA Venus Mission", "description": "NZSA Venus Mission is a small direct Venus entry probe with a single 1 kg low-mass, low-cost autofluorescing nephelometer riding on a satellite bus based on the Photon Upper stage of the Electron rocket.\r\n\r\nThe probe mission will spend approximately 5 minutes in the Venus cloud layers, 48-60 km above the surface, collecting in situ measurements to search for organic molecules in cloud particles and constrain particle composition.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Planetary Science", "orbit": { "id": 6, "name": "Heliocentric N/A", "abbrev": "Helio-N/A" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 234, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/234/?format=api", "agency_id": 147, "name": "Rocket Lab Launch Complex 3 (Launch Area 0 D)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=37.8321693,-75.4899046", "latitude": "37.8321693", "longitude": "-75.4899046", "location": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/21/?format=api", "name": "Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Wallops Flight Facility is a rocket launch site on Wallops Island on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, United States, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and north-northeast of Norfolk. The facility is operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and primarily serves to support science and exploration missions for NASA and other federal agencies. WFF includes an extensively instrumented range to support launches of more than a dozen types of sounding rockets; small expendable suborbital and orbital rockets; high-altitude balloon flights carrying scientific instruments for atmospheric and astronomical research; and, using its Research Airport, flight tests of aeronautical research aircraft, including uncrewed aerial vehicles.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_21_20200803142423.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 82, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_rocket_lab_launch_complex_3_2528launch_area_0_d2529_20241115175136.jpg", "total_launch_count": 0, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/neutron_image_20230727171443.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 7315, "location_launch_attempt_count": 92, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 104, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 138, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 13, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "f0460950-3cb6-4889-8cbe-707f063d0565", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/f0460950-3cb6-4889-8cbe-707f063d0565/?format=api", "slug": "new-glenn-bluebird-block-2-4", "name": "New Glenn | BlueBird Block 2 #4", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2025-06-30T19:18:19Z", "net": "2026-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_end": "2026-12-31T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2026-12-31T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 14, "name": "Year", "abbrev": "Y", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the given year." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8411, "configuration": { "id": 138, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/138/?format=api", "name": "New Glenn", "family": "", "full_name": "New Glenn", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6999, "name": "BlueBird Block 2 #4", "description": "AST SpaceMobile’s Block 2 BlueBird satellites are designed to deliver up to 10 times the bandwidth capacity of the BlueBird Block 1 satellites, required to achieve 24/7 continuous cellular broadband service coverage in the United States, with beams designed to support a capacity of up to 40 MHz, enabling peak data transmission speeds up to 120 Mbps, supporting voice, full data and video applications. 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