Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3720&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7492, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3730&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3710&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "6b4db026-7c83-4a98-bc19-19f86c10bffa", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6b4db026-7c83-4a98-bc19-19f86c10bffa/?format=api", "slug": "proton-gorizont-25", "name": "Proton | Gorizont 25", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:46:20Z", "net": "1992-04-02T01:50:00Z", "window_end": "1992-04-02T01:50:00Z", "window_start": "1992-04-02T01:50:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6429, "configuration": { "id": 80, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/80/?format=api", "name": "Proton", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton K/DM-2", "variant": "K/DM-2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4819, "name": "Gorizont 25", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/31/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "81/23 (81L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.073997,62.977999", "latitude": "46.073997", "longitude": "62.977999", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_31_20200803143402.jpg", "total_launch_count": 104, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 104 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3706, "location_launch_attempt_count": 980, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 45, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 18, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "54b54d40-1a50-4950-94c4-12034f583ba9", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/54b54d40-1a50-4950-94c4-12034f583ba9/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-pvb-yantar-4k2-63", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB | Yantar-4K2 63", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:50:18Z", "net": "1992-04-01T14:18:00Z", "window_end": "1992-04-01T14:18:00Z", "window_start": "1992-04-01T14:18:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6428, "configuration": { "id": 378, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/378/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "variant": "U-PVB" } }, "mission": { "id": 4818, "name": "Yantar-4K2 63", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/35/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "16/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.960091,40.682983", "latitude": "62.960091", "longitude": "40.682983", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_35_20200803143306.jpg", "total_launch_count": 136, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 136 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3705, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1387, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 98, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "8290433e-f32c-4f27-8aa3-e636faa70a5a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/8290433e-f32c-4f27-8aa3-e636faa70a5a/?format=api", "slug": "space-shuttle-atlantis-ov-104-sts-45", "name": "Space Shuttle Atlantis / OV-104 | STS-45", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:54:44Z", "net": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "window_end": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "window_start": "1992-03-24T13:13:39Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 192, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/192/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Space Operations Company", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 352, "configuration": { "id": 493, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/493/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "family": "", "full_name": "Space Shuttle", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 726, "name": "STS-45", "description": "STS-45 was a 1992 Space Shuttle mission using the Space Shuttle Atlantis. Its almost nine-day scientific mission was with a non-deployable payload of instruments. It was the 46th Space Shuttle mission and the 11th for Atlantis.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 87, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/87/?format=api", "agency_id": 121, "name": "Launch Complex 39A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.60822681,-80.60428186", "latitude": "28.60822681", "longitude": "-80.60428186", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 264, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_87_20200803143537.jpg", "total_launch_count": 206, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 205 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space_shuttle_image_20230422074810.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/6/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "description": "The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space2520shutt_program_20200820202237.png", "start_date": "1981-04-12T12:00:03Z", "end_date": "2011-07-08T15:29:00Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3704, "location_launch_attempt_count": 63, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 45, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 37, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "c9440c01-4fba-4766-8487-6e225b90bea6", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/c9440c01-4fba-4766-8487-6e225b90bea6/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u2-soyuz-tm-14", "name": "Soyuz-U2 | Soyuz TM-14", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:43:57Z", "net": "1992-03-17T10:54:30Z", "window_end": "1992-03-17T10:54:30Z", "window_start": "1992-03-17T10:54:30Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 351, "configuration": { "id": 101, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/101/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U", "family": "", "full_name": "Soyuz-U2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 358, "name": "Soyuz TM-14", "description": "Soyuz TM-14 was the 14th mission and the 11th long-duration expedition to Mir space station. It was the first mission after the USSR collapsed, and so became the first Russian space flight. The mission began on March 17, 1992, 10:54:30 UTC, launching Commander Alexander Viktorenko, Flight Engineer Alexander Kaleri and Research Cosmonaut Klaus-Dietrich Flade into orbit. They docked with Mir two days later. During their stay there, cosmonauts performed an EVA, various station repair and maintenance tasks, and carried out scientific experiments in materials research, space technology, astrophysics and earth observation. They were visited by several Progress resupply spacecrafts, and welcomed aboard the Soyuz TM-15 crew.\nThe mission concluded with a safe landing back on Earth on August 10, 1992, 01:05:02 UTC.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz-u_image_20191229074852.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/16/?format=api", "name": "Mir", "description": "Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mir_program_20200821092345.jpeg", "start_date": "1986-02-20T21:28:23Z", "end_date": "2001-03-23T05:59:00Z", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } }, { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/8/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "description": "The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_program_20201129185543.png", "start_date": "1966-11-28T11:02:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3703, "location_launch_attempt_count": 979, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 308, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 15, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "3f212007-c136-4988-9e3a-8a4209c7f93c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/3f212007-c136-4988-9e3a-8a4209c7f93c/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-i-galaxy-5", "name": "Atlas I | Galaxy 5", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:39:54Z", "net": "1992-03-14T00:00:00Z", "window_end": "1992-03-14T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "1992-03-14T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/106/?format=api", "name": "General Dynamics", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6427, "configuration": { "id": 252, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/252/?format=api", "name": "Atlas I", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas I", "variant": "I" } }, "mission": { "id": 4817, "name": "Galaxy 5", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 122, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/122/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1021, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_122_20200803143232.jpg", "total_launch_count": 76, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 76 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3702, "location_launch_attempt_count": 452, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 40, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d11e903b-9b19-4d6e-985b-dc11c3619e47", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d11e903b-9b19-4d6e-985b-dc11c3619e47/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-tsikada-18", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Tsikada 18", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:54Z", "net": "1992-03-09T22:35:59Z", "window_end": "1992-03-09T22:35:59Z", "window_start": "1992-03-09T22:35:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 154, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/154/?format=api", "name": "Production Corporation Polyot", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6426, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 4816, "name": "Tsikada 18", "description": "Civilian navigation satellite equivalent to the purely military Parus", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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