Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3550&ordering=-id
https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3560&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3540&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "87592bf3-0250-4cb0-a76b-32a6bf65c4c3", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/87592bf3-0250-4cb0-a76b-32a6bf65c4c3/?format=api", "slug": "shavit-2-ofeq-6", "name": "Shavit-2 | Ofeq-6", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:58:14Z", "net": "2004-09-06T10:53:00Z", "window_end": "2004-09-06T10:53:00Z", "window_start": "2004-09-06T10:53:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/35/?format=api", "name": "Israeli Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7196, "configuration": { "id": 110, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/110/?format=api", "name": "Shavit-2", "family": "Shavit", "full_name": "Shavit-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 5585, "name": "Ofeq-6", "description": "Military observation satellite failed to reach orbit. Finanical loss estimated by Israeli press as $ 100 million..", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 75, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/75/?format=api", "agency_id": 95, "name": "Shavit Launch Pad", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmachim_Airbase", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=31.884444,34.680278", "latitude": "31.884444", "longitude": "34.680278", "location": { "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/4/?format=api", "name": "Palmachim Airbase, State of Israel", "country_code": "ISR", "description": "Palmachim Airbase is an Israeli Air Force (IAF) base and spaceport, which the IAF and the Israel Space Agency (ISA) operate jointly. It is located west of the city of Yavne on the Mediterranean coast, 12 km south of the Gush Dan metropolitan area with Tel Aviv, named after the Kibbutz Palmachim north of it.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_4_20200803142418.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Jerusalem", "total_launch_count": 12, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "ISR", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_75_20200803143316.jpg", "total_launch_count": 12, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 12 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4674, "location_launch_attempt_count": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 6, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 35, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "87347db1-de71-4c66-803c-7f602649e56c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/87347db1-de71-4c66-803c-7f602649e56c/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-8-g60-group-tbd", "name": "Long March 8 | G60 Group TBD", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "To Be Determined", "abbrev": "TBD", "description": "Current date is a placeholder or rough estimation based on unreliable or interpreted sources." }, "last_updated": "2025-04-24T06:15:02Z", "net": "2025-06-30T00:00:00Z", "window_end": "2025-06-30T00:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-06-30T00:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 9, "name": "Quarter 2", "abbrev": "Q2", "description": "The T-0 is expected in the second quarter of the given year." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 8591, "configuration": { "id": 462, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/462/?format=api", "name": "Long March 8", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 8", "variant": "8" } }, "mission": { "id": 7183, "name": "G60 Polar Group TBD", "description": "Low Earth Orbit communication satellites with Ku, Q and V band payloads for the G60 constellation operated by Shanghai Spacecom Satellite Technology (SSST) with funding backed by the Shanghai local government.\r\n\r\nInitial constellation will consist of 1296 satellites by 2027 with long term plans to expand it to 12000 satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 218, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/218/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Commercial LC-1", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Commercial_Space_Launch_Site", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=19.597275,110.930753", "latitude": "19.597275", "longitude": "110.930753", "location": { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/8/?format=api", "name": "Wenchang Space Launch Site, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Wenchang Space Launch Site is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China.\r\n\r\nFormally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket. Unlike launch facilities on the mainland, Wenchang uses its seaport for deliveries.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_8_20200803142445.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 38, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_commercial_lc-1_20231225074041.jpg", "total_launch_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/cz-8_liftoff_2_image_20240315183218.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6975, "location_launch_attempt_count": 40, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 525, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 126, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "872a28c2-4ba1-4a22-8602-52c752b4ae82", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/872a28c2-4ba1-4a22-8602-52c752b4ae82/?format=api", "slug": "gslv-mk-ii-irnss-1j-nvs-01", "name": "GSLV Mk II | IRNSS-1J (NVS-01)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-05T18:15:45Z", "net": "2023-05-29T05:12:00Z", "window_end": "2023-05-29T05:12:00Z", "window_start": "2023-05-29T05:12:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/31/?format=api", "name": "Indian Space Research Organization", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7491, "configuration": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/168/?format=api", "name": "GSLV Mk II", "family": "GSLV", "full_name": "GSLV Mk. II", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6006, "name": "IRNSS-1J (NVS-01)", "description": "This is a replacement satellite for the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System. The constellation will provide India with an alternative to GPS and will be used for military and civilian use. Located at a geosynchronous orbit, the system will be operated by the Indian government.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 82, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/82/?format=api", "agency_id": 31, "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre Second Launch Pad", "description": "The second launch pad was built between 1999 and 2003. It became functional in 2005 and has since been used for various rockets. This launch pad supports missions by PSLV, GSLV, LVM3 rockets and is even envisioned for India's future crewed spaceflight.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Dhawan_Space_Centre_Second_Launch_Pad", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=13.7199,80.2304", "latitude": "13.7199", "longitude": "80.2304", "location": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/14/?format=api", "name": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre, India", "country_code": "IND", "description": "Satish Dhawan Space Centre – SDSC (formerly Sriharikota Range – SHAR),[1] is the primary spaceport of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), located in Sriharikota, Andhra Pradesh.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_14_20200803142403.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Kolkata", "total_launch_count": 98, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "IND", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_82_20200803143602.jpg", "total_launch_count": 29, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 28 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/gslv2520mk252_image_20240101090337.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6449, "location_launch_attempt_count": 88, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 25, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 84, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 81, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "8728bcc0-d5c4-42ea-a541-d0689340365b", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/8728bcc0-d5c4-42ea-a541-d0689340365b/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-11k63-ds-u2-gk-2", "name": "Kosmos 11K63 | DS-U2-GK 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:31:49Z", "net": "1970-06-13T04:59:58Z", "window_end": "1970-06-13T04:59:58Z", "window_start": "1970-06-13T04:59:58Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4016, "configuration": { "id": 327, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/327/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos 11K63", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos 11K63", "variant": "11K63" } }, "mission": { "id": 2434, "name": "DS-U2-GK 2", "description": "The DS-U2-GK satellites were Soviet geophysical research satellites launched as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik program.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/3/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "133/3 (133L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.886999,40.846984", "latitude": "62.886999", "longitude": "40.846984", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_3_20200803143438.jpg", "total_launch_count": 159, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 159 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1094, "location_launch_attempt_count": 130, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 33, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 484, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 48, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 22, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 31, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "8721a6ea-c21c-47e0-b243-cf2da4af05d8", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/8721a6ea-c21c-47e0-b243-cf2da4af05d8/?format=api", "slug": "dnepr-uosat-oscar-36", "name": "Dnepr | UOSAT-OSCAR-36", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:33:04Z", "net": "1999-04-21T04:59:12Z", "window_end": "1999-04-21T04:59:12Z", "window_start": "1999-04-21T04:59:12Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 119, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/119/?format=api", "name": "ISC Kosmotras", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6914, "configuration": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/31/?format=api", "name": "Dnepr", "family": "", "full_name": "Dnepr 1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": { "id": 5304, "name": "UOSAT-OSCAR-36", "description": "Mini-satellite platform demonstrator built by SSTL.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/12/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "109/95", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.95112,63.497095", "latitude": "45.95112", "longitude": "63.497095", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_12_20200803143322.jpg", "total_launch_count": 12, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 12 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/dnepr-1_liftoff_image_20240411092543.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4310, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1128, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 21, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "872135f8-435e-44c8-85a7-b16345351cc2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/872135f8-435e-44c8-85a7-b16345351cc2/?format=api", "slug": "mu-3s-hinotori", "name": "Mu-3S | Hinotori", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:53:57Z", "net": "1981-02-21T00:30:00Z", "window_end": "1981-02-21T00:30:00Z", "window_start": "1981-02-21T00:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1009, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1009/?format=api", "name": "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5251, "configuration": { "id": 338, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/338/?format=api", "name": "Mu-3S", "family": "Mu", "full_name": "Mu-3S", "variant": "S" } }, "mission": { "id": 3660, "name": "Hinotori", "description": "A satellite for the study of solar flares during solar maximum", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Heliophysics", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 47, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/47/?format=api", "agency_id": 37, "name": "Mu Center", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=31.2509794,131.0821319", "latitude": "31.2509794", "longitude": "131.0821319", "location": { "id": 24, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/24/?format=api", "name": "Uchinoura Space Center, Japan", "country_code": "JPN", "description": "The Uchinoura Space Center is a space launch facility in the Japanese town of Kimotsuki, Kagoshima Prefecture. All of Japan's scientific satellites were launched from Uchinoura prior to the M-V launch vehicles being decommissioned in 2006. It continues to be used for suborbital launches, stratospheric balloons and has also been used for the Epsilon orbital launch vehicle. Additionally, the center has antennas for communication with interplanetary space probes.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_24_20200803142411.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 43, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "JPN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_47_20200803143524.jpg", "total_launch_count": 36, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 36 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2409, "location_launch_attempt_count": 18, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 13, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 18, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 18, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "8717277d-416b-4ed8-bb4e-95d2ba9da31d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/8717277d-416b-4ed8-bb4e-95d2ba9da31d/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-full-thrust-eutelsat-117-west-b-abs-2a", "name": "Falcon 9 Full Thrust | Eutelsat 117 West B & ABS-2A", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:41:54Z", "net": "2016-06-15T14:29:00Z", "window_end": "2016-06-15T15:13:00Z", "window_start": "2016-06-15T14:29:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 1935, "configuration": { "id": 55, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/55/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Full Thrust", "variant": "Full Thrust" } }, "mission": { "id": 316, "name": "Eutelsat 117 West B & ABS-2A", "description": "Eutelsat 117 West B and ABS 2A will be launched atop a Falcon 9 Full Thrust. Both sattelites will be launched into a geostationary orbit to provide communications services. Eutelsat 117 West B with 48 Ku-band transponders in a inclination at 116.8 degrees west will provide communications to Latin American customers in the video telecommunications and government sectors. Also Wide Are Augmentation System (WAAS) payload will enable the United States Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) improve aviation safety for the United States. ABS 2A with 48 Ku-band transponders in a inclination 78 degree orbit east. it will serve Eastern Europe , Russia, Middle East and India. 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