Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3540&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7494, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3550&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3530&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "d77f16f3-cd83-4e7b-bcb8-b2c11dc69ba2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d77f16f3-cd83-4e7b-bcb8-b2c11dc69ba2/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-progress-m-22", "name": "Soyuz U | Progress M-22", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:48:30Z", "net": "1994-03-22T04:54:12Z", "window_end": "1994-03-22T04:54:12Z", "window_start": "1994-03-22T04:54:12Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": 0, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": "", "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2295, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/16/?format=api", "name": "Mir", "description": "Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mir_program_20200821092345.jpeg", "start_date": "1986-02-20T21:28:23Z", "end_date": "2001-03-23T05:59:00Z", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3888, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1025, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 323, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 33, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 3888, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "4b3c2ac0-e593-40c9-9076-2369b9f2fba0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/4b3c2ac0-e593-40c9-9076-2369b9f2fba0/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-pvb-yantar-4k2-71", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB | Yantar-4K2 71", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:51:32Z", "net": "1994-03-17T16:30:00Z", "window_end": "1994-03-17T16:30:00Z", "window_start": "1994-03-17T16:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6579, "configuration": { "id": 378, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/378/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "variant": "U-PVB" } }, "mission": { "id": 4969, "name": "Yantar-4K2 71", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/36/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/3 (43L)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": "62.9273", "longitude": "40.45", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 230, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 230 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3887, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1444, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 199, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 34, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 19, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "be5bc676-959b-49b1-92c6-d3039f8f6f7e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/be5bc676-959b-49b1-92c6-d3039f8f6f7e/?format=api", "slug": "minotaur-step-0-darpasat", "name": "Minotaur | STEP 0 & DARPASAT", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:54:42Z", "net": "1994-03-13T22:32:00Z", "window_end": "1994-03-13T22:32:00Z", "window_start": "1994-03-13T22:32:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/100/?format=api", "name": "Orbital Sciences Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6578, "configuration": { "id": 82, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/82/?format=api", "name": "Minotaur", "family": "Minotaur", "full_name": "Minotaur C", "variant": "C" } }, "mission": { "id": 4968, "name": "STEP 0 & DARPASAT", "description": "STEP 0 (Space Test Experiment Platform 0) was a technology demonstration satellite flown under the Space Test Program (STP). DARPASAT (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Satellite) was designed to demonstrate advanced technology. Ball Aerospace designed, fabricated, integrated, and tested the spacecraft bus, and integrated two government-supplied payloads.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 55, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/55/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Space Launch Complex 576E", "description": "Launch Complex 576 is a group of rocket launch pads at Vandenberg Space Force Base. The pads were used from 1959 until 1971 to launch SM-65 Atlas missiles. The site was also known as Complex ABRES. Pads in Area 576 include 576A-1, 576A-2 and 576A-3, 576B-1, 576B-2 and 576B-3, 576-C, 576-D, 576-E, OSTF-1 and OSTF-2.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Launch_Complex_576", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.739444,-120.619167", "latitude": "34.739444", "longitude": "-120.619167", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 805, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_55_20200803143429.jpg", "total_launch_count": 9, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 9 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3886, "location_launch_attempt_count": 559, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 5, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 18, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "03ae1bb3-6844-46a3-8046-75a63d91fb0b", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/03ae1bb3-6844-46a3-8046-75a63d91fb0b/?format=api", "slug": "delta-ii-gps-iia-15", "name": "Delta II | GPS IIA-15", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-01-02T15:03:24Z", "net": "1994-03-10T03:40:01Z", "window_end": "1994-03-10T03:40:01Z", "window_start": "1994-03-10T03:40:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6577, "configuration": { "id": 159, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/159/?format=api", "name": "Delta II", "family": "Delta", "full_name": "Delta II 7925", "variant": "7925" } }, "mission": { "id": 4967, "name": "GPS IIA-15", "description": "GPS-2A (Global Positioning System) or Navstar-2A (Navigation System using Timing And ranging) are improved satellites of the second generation of the GPS navigation system.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/14/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 17A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4472,-80.565", "latitude": "28.4472", "longitude": "-80.565", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1022, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_14_20200803143451.jpg", "total_launch_count": 145, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 145 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/delta2520ii_image_20190222030440.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 29, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/29/?format=api", "name": "Global Positioning System", "description": "The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS, is a satellite-based radio navigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Space Force. It is one of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) that provide geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites.", "agencies": [ { "id": 1041, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1041/?format=api", "name": "United States Space Force", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/global2520posi_program_20231229182501.png", "start_date": "1978-02-22T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.gps.gov/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Navigation Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3885, "location_launch_attempt_count": 481, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 106, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 938, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e7da4aef-cae5-4fa9-ba6c-6320174dd042", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e7da4aef-cae5-4fa9-ba6c-6320174dd042/?format=api", "slug": "space-shuttle-columbia-ov-102-sts-62", "name": "Space Shuttle Columbia / OV-102 | STS-62", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:47:58Z", "net": "1994-03-04T13:53:01Z", "window_end": "1994-03-04T13:53:01Z", "window_start": "1994-03-04T13:53:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 192, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/192/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Space Operations Company", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 373, "configuration": { "id": 493, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/493/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "family": "", "full_name": "Space Shuttle", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 761, "name": "STS-62", "description": "STS-62 was a Space Shuttle program mission flown aboard Space Shuttle Columbia. The primary payloads were the USMP-02 microgravity experiments package and the OAST-2 engineering and technology payload, both in the orbiter's cargo bay. The two-week mission also featured a number of biomedical experiments focusing on the effects of long duration spaceflight.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 4, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/4/?format=api", "agency_id": 44, "name": "Launch Complex 39B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39B", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.62711233,-80.62101503", "latitude": "28.62711233", "longitude": "-80.62101503", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 264, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_4_20200803143518.jpg", "total_launch_count": 58, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 57 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space_shuttle_image_20230422074810.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/6/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "description": "The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/space2520shutt_program_20200820202237.png", "start_date": "1981-04-12T12:00:03Z", "end_date": "2011-07-08T15:29:00Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3884, "location_launch_attempt_count": 78, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 28, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 52, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 16, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "3f8f3799-7442-4eed-a7f2-d54d7bf4541b", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/3f8f3799-7442-4eed-a7f2-d54d7bf4541b/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-3-koronas-i", "name": "Tsiklon-3 | Koronas-I", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:22:43Z", "net": "1994-03-02T03:25:00Z", "window_end": "1994-03-02T03:25:00Z", "window_start": "1994-03-02T03:25:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6576, "configuration": { "id": 445, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/445/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-3", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4966, "name": "Koronas-I", "description": "KORONAS-I (or CORONAS-I), a Russian-Ukranian spacecraft, was launched by a Tsiklon-3 booster from the Plesetsk cosmodrome. It carried UV and x-ray instruments to map the Sun and plasma monitors to study the ionosphere and magnetosphere.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Astrophysics", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 126, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/126/?format=api", "agency_id": 63, "name": "32/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome_Site_32", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9063889,40.7844727", "latitude": "62.9063889", "longitude": "40.7844727", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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