Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3510&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7494, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3520&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3500&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "4bc642d3-b2e3-4b99-89c6-28ed60ad0bc0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/4bc642d3-b2e3-4b99-89c6-28ed60ad0bc0/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-iia-directv-2", "name": "Atlas IIA | DirecTV 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:40:03Z", "net": "1994-08-03T23:57:02Z", "window_end": "1994-08-03T23:57:02Z", "window_start": "1994-08-03T23:57:02Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6603, "configuration": { "id": 254, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/254/?format=api", "name": "Atlas IIA", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas IIA", "variant": "IIA" } }, "mission": { "id": 4993, "name": "DirecTV 2", "description": "DirecTV 2 is a high-powered satellites built by Hughes Space and Communications Company (HSC) which began bringing true direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service to homes throughout North America in 1994.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/121/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36A", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1022, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_121_20200803143231.jpg", "total_launch_count": 69, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 69 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3918, "location_launch_attempt_count": 485, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 36, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 941, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 50, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "b2c5f033-985b-4beb-aa0f-e363d7ea1ecf", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/b2c5f033-985b-4beb-aa0f-e363d7ea1ecf/?format=api", "slug": "pegasus-apex", "name": "Pegasus | APEX", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:57:04Z", "net": "1994-08-03T14:38:00Z", "window_end": "1994-08-03T14:38:00Z", "window_start": "1994-08-03T14:38:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/100/?format=api", "name": "Orbital Sciences Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6602, "configuration": { "id": 119, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/119/?format=api", "name": "Pegasus", "family": "Pegasus", "full_name": "Pegasus", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4992, "name": "APEX", "description": "APEX (Advanced Photovoltaic & Electronic Experiment) successfully tested a wide array of advanced photovoltaic and electronic components in a harsh radiation environment, provided significant data to support improved designs for future space systems. During operation, APEX's highly elliptical orbit allowed the investigation of space plasma effects on high-voltage operation (current leakage at positive voltages and arcing at negative voltages) in the perigee region, plus the investigation of space radiation effects (decreased array power output from passage through the inner radiation belt) in the apogee region.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Planetary Science", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 70, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/70/?format=api", "agency_id": 100, "name": "Edwards Air Force Base", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.905556,-117.883611", "latitude": "34.905556", "longitude": "-117.883611", "location": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/20/?format=api", "name": "Air launch to orbit", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_20_20200803142433.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 51, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_70_20200803143352.jpg", "total_launch_count": 5, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/pegasus_image_20190830213841.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3917, "location_launch_attempt_count": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 8, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 49, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "efb4eba3-6a9e-4351-a280-972989bf8090", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/efb4eba3-6a9e-4351-a280-972989bf8090/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-obzor-test", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Obzor Test", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:54Z", "net": "1994-08-02T20:00:01Z", "window_end": "1994-08-02T20:00:01Z", "window_start": "1994-08-02T20:00:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 154, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/154/?format=api", "name": "Production Corporation Polyot", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6601, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 4991, "name": "Obzor Test", "description": "The satellite Kosmos 2285 was an experimental earth observation satellite. It was reportedly a prototype for the planned Obzor series of earth observation satellites, which was eventually not developed.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_28_20200803143254.jpg", "total_launch_count": 212, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 212 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3916, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1451, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 172, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 16, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 48, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d310bf4d-8778-47dd-8e74-b9885c337bfa", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d310bf4d-8778-47dd-8e74-b9885c337bfa/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-yantar-1kft-17", "name": "Soyuz U | Yantar-1KFT 17", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:41:10Z", "net": "1994-07-29T09:30:00Z", "window_end": "1994-07-29T09:30:00Z", "window_start": "1994-07-29T09:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6600, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4990, "name": "Yantar-1KFT 17", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_20_20200803143516.jpg", "total_launch_count": 422, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 422 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3915, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1033, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 318, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 38, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 47, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "2bc3fdd3-1d6b-4ca0-a462-36112c65180f", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/2bc3fdd3-1d6b-4ca0-a462-36112c65180f/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-3-apstar-1", "name": "Long March 3 | APSTAR 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:56:39Z", "net": "1994-07-21T10:55:00Z", "window_end": "1994-07-21T10:55:00Z", "window_start": "1994-07-21T10:55:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 189, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/189/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6599, "configuration": { "id": 270, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/270/?format=api", "name": "Long March 3", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 3", "variant": "3" } }, "mission": { "id": 4989, "name": "APSTAR 1", "description": "The APSTAR 1 spacecraft carries such general communications traffic as voice, fax, data, and television signals across China and Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Singapore, and Vietnam. APSTAR 1A has expanded coverage to India and Pakistan. Hughes Space and Communications International, Inc., signed a contract in May 1992 with APT Satellite Company, Ltd., of Hong Kong for the first satellite. APT ordered APSTAR IA in March 1995. The spacecraft were built at the Hughes Space and Communications Company facilities in El Segundo, Calif.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/66/?format=api", "agency_id": 17, "name": "Launch Complex 3 (LC-3/LA-1)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.247209,102.02917", "latitude": "28.247209", "longitude": "102.02917", "location": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/16/?format=api", "name": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a spaceport in China. It is located in Zeyuan Town, northwest of Xichang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_16_20200803142513.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 225, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_66_20200803143611.jpg", "total_launch_count": 100, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 100 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3914, "location_launch_attempt_count": 13, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 4, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 46, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "248e89bb-016e-43de-b67e-f68ad8851dd7", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/248e89bb-016e-43de-b67e-f68ad8851dd7/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-pvb-yantar-4k2-72", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB | Yantar-4K2 72", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:51:30Z", "net": "1994-07-20T17:35:00Z", "window_end": "1994-07-20T17:35:00Z", "window_start": "1994-07-20T17:35:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6598, "configuration": { "id": 378, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/378/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz-U-PVB", "variant": "U-PVB" } }, "mission": { "id": 4988, "name": "Yantar-4K2 72", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/36/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/3 (43L)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": "62.9273", "longitude": "40.45", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 230, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 230 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3913, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1450, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 201, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 38, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 45, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "8d054535-854d-4fe1-9e8b-388bd2719be4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/8d054535-854d-4fe1-9e8b-388bd2719be4/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-nadezhda-7", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Nadezhda 7", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:31:44Z", "net": "1994-07-14T05:13:30Z", "window_end": "1994-07-14T05:13:30Z", "window_start": "1994-07-14T05:13:30Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 154, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/154/?format=api", "name": "Production Corporation Polyot", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6597, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 4987, "name": "Nadezhda 7", "description": "Civilian navigation satellite equivalent to the purely military Parus", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/3/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "133/3 (133L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.886999,40.846984", "latitude": "62.886999", "longitude": "40.846984", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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