Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3390&ordering=id
{ "count": 7500, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3400&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3380&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "757ec41b-8a7c-446b-b9b1-128ce4655b84", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/757ec41b-8a7c-446b-b9b1-128ce4655b84/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-kobalt-m-no8-kosmos-2480", "name": "Soyuz-U | Kobalt-M No.8 (Kosmos-2480)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:50:25Z", "net": "2012-05-17T14:05:00Z", "window_end": "2012-05-17T14:05:00Z", "window_start": "2012-05-17T14:05:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 163, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/163/?format=api", "name": "Russian Aerospace Defence Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1607, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/35/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "16/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.960091,40.682983", "latitude": "62.960091", "longitude": "40.682983", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_35_20200803143306.jpg", "total_launch_count": 136, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 136 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5215, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1584, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 136, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5215, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "75828e1a-03b0-4ac0-947b-4e2690cc3b43", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/75828e1a-03b0-4ac0-947b-4e2690cc3b43/?format=api", "slug": "minotaur-i-xss-11", "name": "Minotaur I | XSS-11", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:32:50Z", "net": "2005-04-11T13:35:00Z", "window_end": "2005-04-11T13:35:00Z", "window_start": "2005-04-11T13:35:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/100/?format=api", "name": "Orbital Sciences Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7220, "configuration": { "id": 175, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/175/?format=api", "name": "Minotaur I", "family": "Minotaur", "full_name": "Minotaur I", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 5609, "name": "XSS-11", "description": "USA-165 or XSS-11 (Experimental Satellite System-11) is a small, washing-machine-sized, low-cost spacecraft developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate to test technology for proximity operations.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/8/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Space Launch Complex 8", "description": "Space Launch Complex 8 (SLC-8), is a launch pad at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California, United States. It is used by Minotaur rockets. It was originally part of the California Spaceport, and was known as the Commercial Launch Facility (CLF) or Space Launch Facility (SLF).", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_8", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.57635,-120.63245", "latitude": "34.57635", "longitude": "-120.63245", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 806, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_8_20200803143300.jpg", "total_launch_count": 9, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 9 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/minotaur2520i_image_20190224012247.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4705, "location_launch_attempt_count": 620, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 45, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "758ee568-0d39-49a6-8b2e-9bdf2af2a5d8", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/758ee568-0d39-49a6-8b2e-9bdf2af2a5d8/?format=api", "slug": "spaceshiptwo-vss-unity-gf01", "name": "SpaceShipTwo | VSS Unity GF01", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:58:14Z", "net": "2016-12-03T12:00:00Z", "window_end": "2016-12-03T12:00:00Z", "window_start": "2016-12-03T12:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "type": "Private" }, "rocket": { "id": 2935, "configuration": { "id": 465, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/465/?format=api", "name": "SpaceShipTwo", "family": "", "full_name": "SpaceShipTwo", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 1352, "name": "VSS Unity GF01", "description": "First free glide test flight of VSS Unity.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 15, "name": "Suborbital", "abbrev": "Sub" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 190, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/190/?format=api", "agency_id": 1024, "name": "Mojave Air and Space Port", "description": null, "info_url": "https://www.mojaveairport.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojave_Air_and_Space_Port", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=35.0594444,-118.1538607", "latitude": "35.0594444", "longitude": "-118.1538607", "location": { "id": 144, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/144/?format=api", "name": "Air launch to Suborbital flight", "country_code": "???", "description": "", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_144_20200803142439.jpg", "timezone_name": "", "total_launch_count": 86, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_190_20210522160913.jpg", "total_launch_count": 53, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 0 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/spaceshiptwo_image_20210522140909.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": null, "location_launch_attempt_count": 61, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 42, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 42, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 0, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7596479f-0307-4c59-85be-204a9b6c4f55", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7596479f-0307-4c59-85be-204a9b6c4f55/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-5b-tianhe", "name": "Long March 5B | Tianhe", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-08T08:35:48Z", "net": "2021-04-29T03:23:15Z", "window_end": "2021-04-29T03:30:00Z", "window_start": "2021-04-29T03:18:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2568, "configuration": { "id": 208, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/208/?format=api", "name": "Long March 5B", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 5B", "variant": "B" } }, "mission": { "id": 452, "name": "Tianhe", "description": "Tianhe (which translates as \"Heavenly Harmony\") is the core module and backbone of the Chinese space station, designed to provide the main living quarters and control centre for the station crew.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 175, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/175/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "101", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=19.614334,110.951011", "latitude": "19.614334", "longitude": "110.951011", "location": { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/8/?format=api", "name": "Wenchang Space Launch Site, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Wenchang Space Launch Site is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China.\r\n\r\nFormally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket. Unlike launch facilities on the mainland, Wenchang uses its seaport for deliveries.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_8_20200803142445.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 38, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_175_20200803143424.jpg", "total_launch_count": 14, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 14 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long_march_5b_image_20210428182650.JPG", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 19, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/19/?format=api", "name": "Tiangong space station", "description": "The Tiangong space station is a space station placed in Low Earth orbit between 340 and 450 km above the surface.", "agencies": [ { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/chinese2520spa_program_20210608105528.png", "start_date": "2021-04-29T03:23:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiangong_space_station", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6073, "location_launch_attempt_count": 12, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 314, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 36, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "75a55781-8cd3-4998-855b-91af2e15bd73", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/75a55781-8cd3-4998-855b-91af2e15bd73/?format=api", "slug": "titan-402b-ius-dsp-19", "name": "Titan 402B IUS | DSP 19", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:42:33Z", "net": "1999-04-09T17:01:00Z", "window_end": "1999-04-09T17:01:00Z", "window_start": "1999-04-09T17:01:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6910, "configuration": { "id": 429, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/429/?format=api", "name": "Titan 402B IUS", "family": "Titan", "full_name": "Titan 402B IUS", "variant": "402B IUS" } }, "mission": { "id": 5300, "name": "DSP 19", "description": "Early warning satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 29, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/29/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 41", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.58341025,-80.58303644", "latitude": "28.58341025", "longitude": "-80.58303644", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_29_20200803143528.jpg", "total_launch_count": 115, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 115 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4306, "location_launch_attempt_count": 561, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 27, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1007, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "75c2153b-3aff-4b56-838a-fb19c22f2de2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/75c2153b-3aff-4b56-838a-fb19c22f2de2/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-strela-1m-249-256", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Strela-1M 249-256", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:46Z", "net": "1982-11-24T11:00:00Z", "window_end": "1982-11-24T11:00:00Z", "window_start": "1982-11-24T11:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5463, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 3868, "name": "Strela-1M 249-256", "description": "Military communications satellites", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_28_20200803143254.jpg", "total_launch_count": 212, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 212 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2636, "location_launch_attempt_count": 903, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 125, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1650, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 119, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 56, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 99, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "75c6b707-d6b5-43d2-b9ad-b8da37acf394", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/75c6b707-d6b5-43d2-b9ad-b8da37acf394/?format=api", "slug": "titan-ii-glv-gemini-viii", "name": "Titan II GLV | Gemini VIII", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:40:10Z", "net": "1966-03-16T16:41:02Z", "window_end": "1966-03-16T16:41:02Z", "window_start": "1966-03-16T16:41:02Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 206, "configuration": { "id": 98, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/98/?format=api", "name": "Titan II", "family": "Titan", "full_name": "Titan II GLV", "variant": "GLV" } }, "mission": { "id": 254, "name": "Gemini VIII (Gemini 8)", "description": "Gemini 8 was the sixth crewed mission of the NASA's Project Gemini. The mission was commanded by Command Pilot Neil A. Armstrong and Pilot David R. Scott. Gemini 8 conducted the first docking of two spacecraft in orbit, but suffered the first critical in-space system failure of a U.S. spacecraft which threatened the lives of the astronauts and required immediate abort of the mission. 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