Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3330&ordering=id
{ "count": 7501, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3340&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3320&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "72f11cbe-192e-45af-9dd9-5b5e6dc70f7d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/72f11cbe-192e-45af-9dd9-5b5e6dc70f7d/?format=api", "slug": "mu-3s-ii-sakigake", "name": "Mu-3S-II | Sakigake", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:53:59Z", "net": "1985-01-07T19:26:00Z", "window_end": "1985-01-07T19:26:00Z", "window_start": "1985-01-07T19:26:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1009, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1009/?format=api", "name": "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5710, "configuration": { "id": 339, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/339/?format=api", "name": "Mu-3S-II", "family": "Mu", "full_name": "Mu-3S-II", "variant": "S-II" } }, "mission": { "id": 4111, "name": "Sakigake", "description": "Japaneset halley comet flyby mission", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Robotic Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 21, "name": "Asteroid", "abbrev": "Asteroid" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 47, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/47/?format=api", "agency_id": 37, "name": "Mu Center", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=31.2509794,131.0821319", "latitude": "31.2509794", "longitude": "131.0821319", "location": { "id": 24, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/24/?format=api", "name": "Uchinoura Space Center, Japan", "country_code": "JPN", "description": "The Uchinoura Space Center is a space launch facility in the Japanese town of Kimotsuki, Kagoshima Prefecture. All of Japan's scientific satellites were launched from Uchinoura prior to the M-V launch vehicles being decommissioned in 2006. It continues to be used for suborbital launches, stratospheric balloons and has also been used for the Epsilon orbital launch vehicle. Additionally, the center has antennas for communication with interplanetary space probes.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_24_20200803142411.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 43, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "JPN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_47_20200803143524.jpg", "total_launch_count": 36, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 36 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2905, "location_launch_attempt_count": 21, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 16, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 21, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "730fe053-3005-4a25-b2a8-aa772ca7334e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/730fe053-3005-4a25-b2a8-aa772ca7334e/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-2-us-a-4", "name": "Tsiklon-2 | US-A 4", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:23Z", "net": "1972-08-21T10:36:20Z", "window_end": "1972-08-21T10:36:20Z", "window_start": "1972-08-21T10:36:20Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4287, "configuration": { "id": 443, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/443/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-2", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 2705, "name": "US-A 4", "description": "Active radar satellite for ocean surveillance powered by a nuclear reactor.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 133, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/133/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "90/19", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.081,62.929806", "latitude": "46.081", "longitude": "62.929806", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_133_20200803143315.jpg", "total_launch_count": 16, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 16 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tsyklon-2_lifto_image_20240411113159.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1378, "location_launch_attempt_count": 360, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 11, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 684, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 72, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 17, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 52, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "73116356-c0ae-4de2-84bf-75801b3910d2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/73116356-c0ae-4de2-84bf-75801b3910d2/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-2d-shiyan-weixing-5", "name": "Long March 2D | Shiyan Weixing 5", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T15:48:14Z", "net": "2013-11-25T02:12:04Z", "window_end": "2013-11-25T02:12:04Z", "window_start": "2013-11-25T02:12:04Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1720, "configuration": { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/17/?format=api", "name": "Long March 2D", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 2D", "variant": "2D" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 22, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/22/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Area 4 (SLS-2 / 603)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiuquan_Launch_Area_4", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=40.960482,100.298059", "latitude": "40.960482", "longitude": "100.298059", "location": { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/17/?format=api", "name": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center is a Chinese spaceport located between the Ejin, Alxa, Inner Mongolia and Hangtian Town, Jinta County, Jiuquan, Gansu Province. It is part of the Dongfeng Aerospace City (Base 10).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_17_20200803142429.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 249, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_22_20200803143437.jpg", "total_launch_count": 124, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 124 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long2520march25202d_image_20190222031211.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5338, "location_launch_attempt_count": 69, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 29, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 131, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 5338, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7323ed72-b69a-429c-8cfe-2ed454a8db28", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7323ed72-b69a-429c-8cfe-2ed454a8db28/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-v-511-ussf-8", "name": "Atlas V 511 | USSF-8", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:42:34Z", "net": "2022-01-21T19:00:00Z", "window_end": "2022-01-21T21:15:00Z", "window_start": "2022-01-21T18:15:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": 90, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 124, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/124/?format=api", "name": "United Launch Alliance", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 2664, "configuration": { "id": 214, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/214/?format=api", "name": "Atlas V 511", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas V 511", "variant": "511" } }, "mission": { "id": 5928, "name": "USSF-8", "description": "USSF-8 will launch two identical Geosynchronous Space Situational Awareness Program (GSSAP) satellites GSSAP-5 and GSSAP-6 directly to a near-geosynchronous orbit approximately 36,000 km above the equator.\r\n\r\nData from the GSSAP will uniquely contribute to timely and accurate orbital predictions, further enabling space flight safety including satellite collision avoidance. \r\n\r\nUnique to this mission is the first and only planned flight of the Atlas V 511 configuration.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 3, "name": "Geosynchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "GSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 29, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/29/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 41", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Space_Launch_Complex_41", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.58341025,-80.58303644", "latitude": "28.58341025", "longitude": "-80.58303644", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_29_20200803143528.jpg", "total_launch_count": 115, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 115 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/atlas_v_511_image_20220122075706.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6188, "location_launch_attempt_count": 832, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 103, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 149, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7329f132-edff-4d11-bb96-d35819f808ee", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7329f132-edff-4d11-bb96-d35819f808ee/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-m-molniya-1k-54", "name": "Molniya-M | Molniya-1K 54", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:51:31Z", "net": "1982-05-28T22:02:59Z", "window_end": "1982-05-28T22:02:59Z", "window_start": "1982-05-28T22:02:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5403, "configuration": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya-M 2BL", "variant": "2BL" } }, "mission": { "id": 3810, "name": "Molniya-1K 54", "description": "Military communications satellite in a highly elliptic orbit", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/36/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/3 (43L)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": "62.9273", "longitude": "40.45", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 230, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 230 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2569, "location_launch_attempt_count": 875, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 142, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1595, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 52, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 28, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 44, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "733d1edb-d15c-4fd7-bf85-061b283b1165", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/733d1edb-d15c-4fd7-bf85-061b283b1165/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-tselina-o-16", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Tselina-O 16", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:50Z", "net": "1972-11-03T01:34:00Z", "window_end": "1972-11-03T01:34:00Z", "window_start": "1972-11-03T01:34:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4311, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 2729, "name": "Tselina-O 16", "description": "The Tselina-O (11F616) was one component of two-satellite Tselina ELINT satellite system. Tselina-O provided general ELINT surveillance to be examined in detail by the larger Tselina-D satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_28_20200803143254.jpg", "total_launch_count": 212, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 212 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1402, "location_launch_attempt_count": 267, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 21, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 702, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 96, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 48, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 70, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7343c9ac-ad77-4663-9aeb-04a770efe360", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7343c9ac-ad77-4663-9aeb-04a770efe360/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-4mt-15", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-4MT 15", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:12Z", "net": "1978-12-28T16:30:00Z", "window_end": "1978-12-28T16:30:00Z", "window_start": "1978-12-28T16:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5033, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 3446, "name": "Zenit-4MT 15", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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