Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3220&ordering=-id
{ "count": 7503, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3230&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3210&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "91e73ebe-228a-4e88-8817-a7df4e6c65f0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/91e73ebe-228a-4e88-8817-a7df4e6c65f0/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-42p-hot-bird-4", "name": "Ariane 42P | Hot Bird 4", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:22:22Z", "net": "1998-02-27T22:38:00Z", "window_end": "1998-02-27T22:38:00Z", "window_start": "1998-02-27T22:38:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 6842, "configuration": { "id": 224, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/224/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 42P", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 42P", "variant": "42P" } }, "mission": { "id": 5232, "name": "Hot Bird 4", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 124, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/124/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 2", "description": "The ELA-2 pad, built in 1986, had been used for Ariane 4 launches from 1988 until 2003. Before 1988, although purpose-built for Ariane 4, the pad hosted an Ariane-2 and two Ariane-3 launches.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-2", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.232,-52.778194", "latitude": "5.232", "longitude": "-52.778194", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 325, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_124_20200803143241.jpg", "total_launch_count": 119, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 119 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane42p_at_el_image_20240310184548.png", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4221, "location_launch_attempt_count": 115, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 79, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 104, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "91d30893-7550-425c-a91f-d0eec5ee2357", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/91d30893-7550-425c-a91f-d0eec5ee2357/?format=api", "slug": "antares-230-cygnus-crs-ng-10-ss-john-young", "name": "Antares 230 | Cygnus CRS NG-10 (S.S. John Young)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:58:43Z", "net": "2018-11-17T09:01:22Z", "window_end": "2018-11-17T09:01:22Z", "window_start": "2018-11-17T09:01:22Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": 100, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 257, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/257/?format=api", "name": "Northrop Grumman Space Systems", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 28, "configuration": { "id": 165, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/165/?format=api", "name": "Antares 230", "family": "Antares", "full_name": "Antares 230", "variant": "230" } }, "mission": { "id": 736, "name": "Cygnus CRS NG-10 (S.S. John Young)", "description": "This is the eleventh planned flight of the Orbital ATK's uncrewed resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its tenth flight to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services contract with NASA.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Resupply", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 76, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/76/?format=api", "agency_id": 44, "name": "Launch Area 0 A", "description": "LP-0A was first built for the failed Conestoga rocket program. The original launch tower was subsequently demolished in September 2008. A new pad facility was built from 2009 to 2011 for Orbital Sciences Taurus II, now renamed Antares.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Regional_Spaceport_Launch_Pad_0#Pad_0A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=37.8337,-75.4881", "latitude": "37.8337", "longitude": "-75.4881", "location": { "id": 21, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/21/?format=api", "name": "Wallops Flight Facility, Virginia, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Wallops Flight Facility is a rocket launch site on Wallops Island on the Eastern Shore of Virginia, United States, just east of the Delmarva Peninsula and north-northeast of Norfolk. The facility is operated by the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, and primarily serves to support science and exploration missions for NASA and other federal agencies. WFF includes an extensively instrumented range to support launches of more than a dozen types of sounding rockets; small expendable suborbital and orbital rockets; high-altitude balloon flights carrying scientific instruments for atmospheric and astronomical research; and, using its Research Airport, flight tests of aeronautical research aircraft, including uncrewed aerial vehicles.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_21_20200803142423.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 80, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_76_20200803143538.jpg", "total_launch_count": 19, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 19 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/antares_230_lau_image_20240308082345.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/17/?format=api", "name": "International Space Station", "description": "The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the sixteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in 1984 by President Ronald Reagan, during the Space Station Freedom project as it was originally called.", "agencies": [ { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api", "name": "Canadian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "type": "Multinational" }, { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/international2_program_20201129184745.png", "start_date": "1998-11-20T06:40:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } }, { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/11/?format=api", "name": "Commercial Resupply Services", "description": "Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) are a series of flights awarded by NASA for the delivery of cargo and supplies to the International Space Station.The first CRS contracts were signed in 2008 and awarded $1.6 billion to SpaceX for twelve cargo Dragon and $1.9 billion to Orbital Sciences for eight Cygnus flights, covering deliveries to 2016. The Falcon 9 and Antares rockets were also developed under the CRS program to deliver cargo spacecraft to the ISS.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 257, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/257/?format=api", "name": "Northrop Grumman Space Systems", "type": "Commercial" }, { "id": 1020, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1020/?format=api", "name": "Sierra Nevada Corporation", "type": "Commercial" }, { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/commercial2520_program_20201129212219.png", "start_date": "2008-12-23T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Resupply_Services#Commercial_Resupply_Services", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5800, "location_launch_attempt_count": 63, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 10, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 94, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "91d14e4a-ff12-4a9e-861b-d97ba6196269", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/91d14e4a-ff12-4a9e-861b-d97ba6196269/?format=api", "slug": "titan-ii-glv-gemini-v", "name": "Titan II GLV | Gemini V", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-13T18:48:16Z", "net": "1965-08-21T14:00:00Z", "window_end": "1965-08-21T14:00:00Z", "window_start": "1965-08-21T14:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 203, "configuration": { "id": 98, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/98/?format=api", "name": "Titan II", "family": "Titan", "full_name": "Titan II GLV", "variant": "GLV" } }, "mission": { "id": 266, "name": "Gemini V (Gemini 5)", "description": "Gemini 5 was the third crewed mission of the NASA's Project Gemini. The mission was commanded by Command Pilot L. Gordon Cooper, Jr. and Pilot Charles \"Pete\" Conrad, Jr. The mission began on August 21, 1965, 13:59:59 UTC and ended on August 29, 1965, 12:55:13 UTC.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 18, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/18/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Launch Complex 19", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Air_Force_Station_Launch_Complex_19", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.506898,-80.554169", "latitude": "28.506898", "longitude": "-80.554169", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_18_20200803143356.jpg", "total_launch_count": 12, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 11 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/titan2520ii_image_20190222030027.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 3, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/3/?format=api", "name": "Gemini", "description": "Project Gemini was NASA's second human spaceflight program. Conducted between projects Mercury and Apollo, Gemini started in 1961 and concluded in 1966.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/project2520gem_program_20200820195350.png", "start_date": "1961-12-07T00:00:00Z", "end_date": "1966-11-15T19:21:04Z", "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/gemini/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Gemini", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 469, "location_launch_attempt_count": 151, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 71, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 76, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 25, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "91bfaa47-76d6-4111-9830-d6c6c46c4dab", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/91bfaa47-76d6-4111-9830-d6c6c46c4dab/?format=api", "slug": "new-glenn-maiden-flight", "name": "New Glenn | Maiden Flight", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2025-01-29T20:12:51Z", "net": "2025-01-16T07:03:00Z", "window_end": "2025-01-16T09:00:00Z", "window_start": "2025-01-16T06:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": 40, "weather_concerns": "Thick Cloud Layers Rule", "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 8317, "configuration": { "id": 138, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/138/?format=api", "name": "New Glenn", "family": "", "full_name": "New Glenn", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 6898, "name": "Maiden Flight", "description": "Maiden flight of the New Glenn launch vehicle. Will carry the prototype Blue Ring payload tug and payload hoisting platform, consisting of communications array, power systems, and a flight computer affixed to a secondary payload adapter ring, remaining attached to the 2nd stage. This launch will serve as New Glenn's first National Security Space Launch certification flight.\r\n\r\nTarget orbit is 2400 x 19300 km at 30° inclination.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 32, "consecutive_successful_launches": 9, "successful_launches": 31, "failed_launches": 1, "pending_launches": 4, "consecutive_successful_landings": 3, "successful_landings": 29, "failed_landings": 3, "attempted_landings": 32, "info_url": "http://www.blueorigin.com/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Origin", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_nation_20240222073724.jpg" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/121/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36A", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_121_20200803143231.jpg", "total_launch_count": 69, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 69 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/new_glenn_on_lc_image_20250111175645.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6860, "location_launch_attempt_count": 999, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 69, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 29, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "91b76ad4-45a7-483a-b722-1197c7a1ba47", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/91b76ad4-45a7-483a-b722-1197c7a1ba47/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-2-52", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-2 52", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:25Z", "net": "1967-09-01T10:30:00Z", "window_end": "1967-09-01T10:30:00Z", "window_start": "1967-09-01T10:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 3698, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2116, "name": "Zenit-2 52", "description": "Zenit-2 film-return and ELINT reconnaissance satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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