Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3160&ordering=net
{ "count": 7503, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3170&ordering=net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3150&ordering=net", "results": [ { "id": "e65b3a59-0494-4946-9886-f520689455e2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e65b3a59-0494-4946-9886-f520689455e2/?format=api", "slug": "h-1-ajisai", "name": "H-1 | Ajisai", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-07T13:08:38Z", "net": "1986-08-12T20:45:00Z", "window_end": "1986-08-12T20:45:00Z", "window_start": "1986-08-12T20:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 98, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/98/?format=api", "name": "Mitsubishi Heavy Industries", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 5881, "configuration": { "id": 319, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/319/?format=api", "name": "H-1", "family": "", "full_name": "H-I", "variant": "I" } }, "mission": { "id": 4277, "name": "Ajisai", "description": "Japanese geodesy satellite used to test the H-1 launch vehicle", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 10, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/10/?format=api", "agency_id": 37, "name": "Osaki Launch Complex", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanegashima_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=30.3993934,130.9702486", "latitude": "30.3993934", "longitude": "130.9702486", "location": { "id": 26, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/26/?format=api", "name": "Tanegashima Space Center, Japan", "country_code": "JPN", "description": "The Tanegashima Space Center is the largest rocket-launch complex in Japan. It is located on the southeastern tip of Tanegashima, an island located south of Kyushu, an island and region and Japan. It was established in 1969 when the National Space Development Agency of Japan (NASDA) was formed, and is now run by JAXA. The activities that take place at TNSC include assembly, testing, launching, and tracking satellites, as well as rocket engine firing tests.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_26_20200803142507.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 94, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "JPN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_10_20200803143519.jpg", "total_launch_count": 24, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 24 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/h-1_image_20240210175424.png", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3095, "location_launch_attempt_count": 15, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 15, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 66, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "216f698b-1eca-4ae6-ab21-163cfca3e5f4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/216f698b-1eca-4ae6-ab21-163cfca3e5f4/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-2-us-a-29", "name": "Tsiklon-2 | US-A 29", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:13Z", "net": "1986-08-20T12:58:00Z", "window_end": "1986-08-20T12:58:00Z", "window_start": "1986-08-20T12:58:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5882, "configuration": { "id": 443, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/443/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-2", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4278, "name": "US-A 29", "description": "Active radar satellite for ocean surveillance powered by a nuclear reactor.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 132, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/132/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "90", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.081,62.929806", "latitude": "46.081", "longitude": "62.929806", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_132_20200803143344.jpg", "total_launch_count": 74, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 74 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tsyklon-2_lifto_image_20240411113159.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3096, "location_launch_attempt_count": 787, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 57, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2012, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 67, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 56, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e1b55971-a5ef-49dc-b587-6701b65f9f23", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e1b55971-a5ef-49dc-b587-6701b65f9f23/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-8-36", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-8 36", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:11:10Z", "net": "1986-08-21T11:05:00Z", "window_end": "1986-08-21T11:05:00Z", "window_start": "1986-08-21T11:05:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5883, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4279, "name": "Zenit-8 36", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_85_20200803143554.jpg", "total_launch_count": 323, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 323 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3097, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1127, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 197, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2013, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 68, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 33, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 57, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "956befbb-b633-4d5d-a0af-3eb900dab419", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/956befbb-b633-4d5d-a0af-3eb900dab419/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-yantar-4k2-25", "name": "Soyuz U | Yantar-4K2 25", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:41:19Z", "net": "1986-08-27T11:40:00Z", "window_end": "1986-08-27T11:40:00Z", "window_start": "1986-08-27T11:40:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5884, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4280, "name": "Yantar-4K2 25", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_20_20200803143516.jpg", "total_launch_count": 422, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 422 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3098, "location_launch_attempt_count": 788, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 292, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2014, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 69, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 25, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 58, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "33d441f0-1169-4e3e-bf4a-ae22d945f20c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/33d441f0-1169-4e3e-bf4a-ae22d945f20c/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-m-us-k-48", "name": "Molniya-M | US-K 48", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:50:18Z", "net": "1986-08-28T08:02:43Z", "window_end": "1986-08-28T08:02:43Z", "window_start": "1986-08-28T08:02:43Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5885, "configuration": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya-M 2BL", "variant": "2BL" } }, "mission": { "id": 4281, "name": "US-K 48", "description": "Early warning satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/35/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "16/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.960091,40.682983", "latitude": "62.960091", "longitude": "40.682983", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_35_20200803143306.jpg", "total_launch_count": 136, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 136 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3099, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1128, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 54, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2015, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 70, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 34, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 59, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "3f7d45b1-35d2-427f-9cb1-32f46fae5751", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/3f7d45b1-35d2-427f-9cb1-32f46fae5751/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-8-37-kosmos-1775", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-8 37 (Kosmos 1775)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:40:58Z", "net": "1986-09-03T07:59:59Z", "window_end": "1986-09-03T07:59:59Z", "window_start": "1986-09-03T07:59:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5886, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4282, "name": "Zenit-8 37 (Kosmos 1775)", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_20_20200803143516.jpg", "total_launch_count": 422, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 422 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3100, "location_launch_attempt_count": 789, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 293, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2016, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 71, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 26, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 60, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "39ff9c8c-f801-4c45-bd58-6c112d367be8", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/39ff9c8c-f801-4c45-bd58-6c112d367be8/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-taifun-2-22", "name": "Kosmos-3M | Taifun-2 22", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:43:58Z", "net": "1986-09-03T09:00:00Z", "window_end": "1986-09-03T09:00:00Z", "window_start": "1986-09-03T09:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5887, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 4283, "name": "Taifun-2 22", "description": "Taifun-2 satellite used to release up to 24 subsatellites for radar and sensor calibration", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Target", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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