Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3130&ordering=id
{ "count": 7503, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3140&ordering=id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3120&ordering=id", "results": [ { "id": "6d2dd060-b9c0-4bc4-a5c2-23337a17044a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d2dd060-b9c0-4bc4-a5c2-23337a17044a/?format=api", "slug": "proton-ur-500-kd-kosmos-146", "name": "Proton / UR-500 K/D | Kosmos 146", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:46:20Z", "net": "1967-03-10T11:30:33Z", "window_end": "1967-03-10T11:30:33Z", "window_start": "1967-03-10T11:30:33Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": 0, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": "", "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2427, "configuration": { "id": 191, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/191/?format=api", "name": "Proton", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton / UR-500 K/D", "variant": "K/D" } }, "mission": null, "pad": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/31/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "81/23 (81L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.073997,62.977999", "latitude": "46.073997", "longitude": "62.977999", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_31_20200803143402.jpg", "total_launch_count": 104, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 104 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/8/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "description": "The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_program_20201129185543.png", "start_date": "1966-11-28T11:02:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 671, "location_launch_attempt_count": 170, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 224, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 671, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d4bbfad-eb2a-4626-b62f-65cf4f8accb4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d4bbfad-eb2a-4626-b62f-65cf4f8accb4/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-g-centaur-intelsat-510", "name": "Atlas G Centaur | Intelsat 510", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:39:55Z", "net": "1985-03-22T23:55:00Z", "window_end": "1985-03-22T23:55:00Z", "window_start": "1985-03-22T23:55:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5733, "configuration": { "id": 250, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/250/?format=api", "name": "Atlas G Centaur", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas G Centaur", "variant": "G Centaur" } }, "mission": { "id": 4133, "name": "Intelsat 510", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 122, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/122/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36B", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_122_20200803143232.jpg", "total_launch_count": 76, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 76 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2929, "location_launch_attempt_count": 403, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 31, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 833, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 25, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d4e1c5d-e61d-4148-8867-b0c589e97c67", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d4e1c5d-e61d-4148-8867-b0c589e97c67/?format=api", "slug": "delta-7425-95-contour", "name": "Delta 7425-9.5 | Contour", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-12-31T12:32:17Z", "net": "2002-07-03T06:47:41Z", "window_end": "2002-07-03T06:47:41Z", "window_start": "2002-07-03T06:47:41Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7096, "configuration": { "id": 304, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/304/?format=api", "name": "Delta II", "family": "Delta", "full_name": "Delta II 7425-9.5", "variant": "7425-9.5" } }, "mission": { "id": 5485, "name": "Contour", "description": "The CONTOUR (Comet Nucleus Tour) probe, built and operated by the Johns Hopkins University's Applied Physics Laboratory (APL), began its five year mission to explore three comets, using repeated encounters with the earth to modify its orbit in order to reach each target.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Heliophysics", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 14, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/14/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 17A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Launch_Complex_17", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4472,-80.565", "latitude": "28.4472", "longitude": "-80.565", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1023, "total_landing_count": 64 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_14_20200803143451.jpg", "total_launch_count": 145, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 145 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 33, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/33/?format=api", "name": "Discovery Program", "description": "The Discovery Program is a series of Solar System exploration missions funded by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through its Planetary Missions Program Office. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's New Frontiers or Flagship Programs. As a result, Discovery missions tend to be more focused on a specific scientific goal rather than serving a general purpose.", "agencies": [ { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/discovery2520p_program_20231231122246.jpeg", "start_date": "1990-01-01T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/planetarymissions/discovery-program/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Program", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Exploration" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4545, "location_launch_attempt_count": 600, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 131, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1044, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 34, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d55d3cf-5c95-4c23-8c5e-1da44fbe299d", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d55d3cf-5c95-4c23-8c5e-1da44fbe299d/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-iridium-9-oneweb-19", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Iridium-9 & OneWeb 19", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-03-05T18:22:47Z", "net": "2023-05-20T13:16:33Z", "window_end": "2023-05-20T13:16:33Z", "window_start": "2023-05-20T13:16:33Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7638, "configuration": { "id": 164, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 6139, "name": "Iridium-9 & OneWeb 19", "description": "5 spare satellites for the Iridium NEXT constellation and 16 satellites for the OneWeb constellation (15 of current generation and 1 demonstration satellite for the next generation) on a share-ride.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/16/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 4E", "description": "Space Launch Complex 4 East (SLC-4E) is a launch site at Vandenberg Space Force Base, California, U.S.\r\n\r\nThe pad was previously used by Atlas and Titan rockets between 1963 and 2005. The pad was built for use by Atlas-Agena rockets, but was later rebuilt to handle Titan rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_4#SLC-4E", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.632,-120.611", "latitude": "34.632", "longitude": "-120.611", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 807, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_16_20200803143532.jpg", "total_launch_count": 193, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 193 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon2520925_image_20240101091708.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/28/?format=api", "name": "Iridium Constellation", "description": "The Iridium satellite constellation provides L band voice and data information coverage to satellite phones, satellite messenger communication devices and integrated transceivers.", "agencies": [ { "id": 202, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/202/?format=api", "name": "Iridium Communications", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/iridium2520con_program_20231228184831.jpeg", "start_date": "1997-05-05T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://iridium.com/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iridium_satellite_constellation", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } }, { "id": 26, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/26/?format=api", "name": "OneWeb", "description": "Satellite constellation in low Earth orbit that can provide high-speed broadband internet to rural and isolated areas.", "agencies": [ { "id": 1081, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1081/?format=api", "name": "Eutelsat OneWeb", "type": "Commercial" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/oneweb_program_20231228155842.jpeg", "start_date": "2019-02-27T21:37:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://oneweb.net/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutelsat_OneWeb", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Communication Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6441, "location_launch_attempt_count": 719, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 110, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 247, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 73, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 34, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d68d44c-bff4-430c-9769-61f328285b93", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d68d44c-bff4-430c-9769-61f328285b93/?format=api", "slug": "proton-luch-2-2", "name": "Proton | Luch 2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:46:14Z", "net": "1995-10-11T16:26:00Z", "window_end": "1995-10-11T16:26:00Z", "window_start": "1995-10-11T16:26:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6686, "configuration": { "id": 80, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/80/?format=api", "name": "Proton", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton K/DM-2", "variant": "K/DM-2" } }, "mission": { "id": 5076, "name": "Luch 2", "description": "The Luch-2 or Gelios satellites were the second generation of Soviet and later Russian data relay satellites. These satellites were improved versions of Luch (Altair) series and provided communications service to the Mir space station, Buran space shuttle, Soyuz-TM spacecraft, military satellites and the TsUPK ground control center.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/31/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "81/23 (81L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.073997,62.977999", "latitude": "46.073997", "longitude": "62.977999", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_31_20200803143402.jpg", "total_launch_count": 104, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 104 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4020, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1062, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 68, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 32, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 59, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 13, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "6d6f53ba-bc90-4b36-abe2-c53c9c7068ca", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/6d6f53ba-bc90-4b36-abe2-c53c9c7068ca/?format=api", "slug": "voskhod-zenit-2m-45", "name": "Voskhod | Zenit-2M 45", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:11:09Z", "net": "1974-03-14T10:29:59Z", "window_end": "1974-03-14T10:29:59Z", "window_start": "1974-03-14T10:29:59Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4450, "configuration": { "id": 104, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/104/?format=api", "name": "Voskhod", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Voskhod", "variant": "Voskhod" } }, "mission": { "id": 2868, "name": "Zenit-2M 45", "description": "The soviet Zenit-2M (Gektor, 11F690) was an improved version of the Zenit-2 area surveillance reconnaissance satellite. It was part of the Vostok-based Zenit-family.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. 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