Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3070&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7789, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3080&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3060&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "70ba3d46-a1c2-464e-b870-19d5d800f46a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/70ba3d46-a1c2-464e-b870-19d5d800f46a/?format=api", "slug": "delta-ii-gravity-probe-b", "name": "Delta II | Gravity Probe B", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:52:44Z", "net": "2004-04-20T16:57:24Z", "window_end": "2004-04-20T16:57:24Z", "window_start": "2004-04-20T16:57:24Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7178, "configuration": { "id": 99, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/99/?format=api", "name": "Delta II", "family": "Delta", "full_name": "Delta II 7920-10C", "variant": "7920-10C" } }, "mission": { "id": 5567, "name": "Gravity Probe B", "description": "Gravity Probe B (GP-B) was a satellite-based experiment to test two unverified predictions of general relativity: the geodetic effect and frame-dragging. This was to be accomplished by measuring, very precisely, tiny changes in the direction of spin of four gyroscopes contained in an Earth-orbiting satellite at 650 km (400 mi) altitude, crossing directly over the poles.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Astrophysics", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 39, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/39/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 2W", "description": "SLC-2W was originally used for Delta, Thor-Agena and Delta II launches. After the last Delta II flight in 2018, SLC-2W was repurposed to launch Firefly Alpha rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_2", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.7556,-120.6224", "latitude": "34.7556", "longitude": "-120.6224", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 861, "total_landing_count": 33 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_39_20200803143542.jpg", "total_launch_count": 98, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 98 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/delta2520ii_image_20190222030612.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4653, "location_launch_attempt_count": 617, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 71, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1060, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 14, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7f1d1449-ba8f-4147-8b62-f5fcbbdcc151", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7f1d1449-ba8f-4147-8b62-f5fcbbdcc151/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-fg-soyuz-tma-4", "name": "Soyuz-FG | Soyuz TMA-4", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:51:08Z", "net": "2004-04-19T03:19:00Z", "window_end": "2004-04-19T03:19:00Z", "window_start": "2004-04-19T03:19:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 502, "configuration": { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/34/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "family": "", "full_name": "Soyuz FG", "variant": "FG" } }, "mission": { "id": 210, "name": "Soyuz TMA-4", "description": "Soyuz TMA-4 begins Expedition 9 by carrying 3 astronauts and cosmonauts to the International Space Station. \nRussian Commander, cosmonaut Gennady Padalka alongside Flight Engineers, Michael Fincke (NASA) & André Kuipers (ESA) will launch aboard the Soyuz spacecraft from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and then rendezvous with the station. \nIt landed on October 24, 2004, 00:35:00 UTC", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Human Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 32, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/32/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "1/5", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.92,63.342", "latitude": "45.92", "longitude": "63.342", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1560, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_32_20200803143513.jpg", "total_launch_count": 487, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 487 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_image_20190717035537.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 17, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/17/?format=api", "name": "International Space Station", "description": "The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the sixteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilization, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in 1984 by President Ronald Reagan, during the Space Station Freedom project as it was originally called.", "agencies": [ { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/16/?format=api", "name": "Canadian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "type": "Multinational" }, { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/37/?format=api", "name": "Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/international2_program_20201129184745.png", "start_date": "1998-11-20T06:40:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/main/index.html", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } }, { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/8/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz", "description": "The Soyuz programme is a human spaceflight programme initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s. The Soyuz spacecraft was originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It was the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" }, { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_program_20201129185543.png", "start_date": "1966-11-28T11:02:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyuz_programme", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Human Spaceflight" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4652, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1219, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 388, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 135, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 13, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "90e5e11e-cff7-40c2-a40c-b435237d710c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/90e5e11e-cff7-40c2-a40c-b435237d710c/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-2c-shiyan-weixing-1", "name": "Long March 2C | Shiyan Weixing 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-08-04T03:37:22Z", "net": "2004-04-18T15:59:04Z", "window_end": "2004-04-18T15:59:04Z", "window_start": "2004-04-18T15:59:04Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7177, "configuration": { "id": 61, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/61/?format=api", "name": "Long March 2C", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 2C", "variant": "C" } }, "mission": { "id": 5566, "name": "Shiyan Weixing 1", "description": "Earth resources satellite.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/66/?format=api", "agency_id": 17, "name": "Launch Complex 3 (LC-3/LA-1)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xichang_Satellite_Launch_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.247209,102.02917", "latitude": "28.247209", "longitude": "102.02917", "location": { "id": 16, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/16/?format=api", "name": "Xichang Satellite Launch Center, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Xichang Satellite Launch Center is a spaceport in China. It is located in Zeyuan Town, northwest of Xichang, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_16_20200803142513.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 237, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_66_20200803143611.jpg", "total_launch_count": 105, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 105 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long_march_2_image_20230803100234.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4651, "location_launch_attempt_count": 35, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 15, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 21, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 12, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "14e5df51-0e52-454b-861e-af5af59e02c1", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/14e5df51-0e52-454b-861e-af5af59e02c1/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-iias-superbird-a2", "name": "Atlas IIAS | Superbird A2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:40:02Z", "net": "2004-04-16T00:45:00Z", "window_end": "2004-04-16T00:45:00Z", "window_start": "2004-04-16T00:45:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 82, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/82/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Martin", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7176, "configuration": { "id": 255, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/255/?format=api", "name": "Atlas IIAS", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas IIAS", "variant": "IIAS" } }, "mission": { "id": 5565, "name": "Superbird A2", "description": "SUPERBIRD-6, slated for an orbital slot at 158.0 degrees East longitude, will provide business telecommunication services using a Japan Beam for Ku-Band and Ka-Band services along with a steerable spot beam for additional Ka-Band services.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/121/?format=api", "agency_id": 161, "name": "Launch Complex 36A", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_36", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.4705556,-80.542194", "latitude": "28.4705556", "longitude": "-80.542194", "location": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/12/?format=api", "name": "Cape Canaveral SFS, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) is an installation of the United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 45, located on Cape Canaveral in Brevard County, Florida.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_12_20200803142519.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 1084, "total_landing_count": 70 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_121_20200803143231.jpg", "total_launch_count": 70, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 70 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4650, "location_launch_attempt_count": 623, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 67, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 73, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7a0522c7-36a1-4968-97b0-b4d4b0bcbe0b", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7a0522c7-36a1-4968-97b0-b4d4b0bcbe0b/?format=api", "slug": "proton-raduga-1-7", "name": "Proton | Raduga-1 7", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:46:17Z", "net": "2004-03-27T03:30:00Z", "window_end": "2004-03-27T03:30:00Z", "window_start": "2004-03-27T03:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7175, "configuration": { "id": 80, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/80/?format=api", "name": "Proton", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton K/DM-2", "variant": "K/DM-2" } }, "mission": { "id": 5564, "name": "Raduga-1 7", "description": "Military geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/31/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "81/23 (81L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.073997,62.977999", "latitude": "46.073997", "longitude": "62.977999", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. 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Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. 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"0ebdc0d3-b73a-4975-9683-7dcdebd90cb8", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/0ebdc0d3-b73a-4975-9683-7dcdebd90cb8/?format=api", "slug": "atlas-agena-b-mbsat", "name": "Atlas Agena B | MBSAT", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T17:39:58Z", "net": "2004-03-13T05:40:01Z", "window_end": "2004-03-13T05:40:01Z", "window_start": "2004-03-13T05:40:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 82, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/82/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Martin", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7172, "configuration": { "id": 471, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/471/?format=api", "name": "Atlas IIIA", "family": "Atlas", "full_name": "Atlas 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"pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "fc7a03ba-c0f1-4703-95e9-016c12db09c0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/fc7a03ba-c0f1-4703-95e9-016c12db09c0/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-5-g-rosetta", "name": "Ariane 5 G+ | Rosetta", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-15T13:19:50Z", "net": "2004-03-02T07:17:44Z", "window_end": "2004-03-02T07:17:44Z", "window_start": "2004-03-02T07:17:44Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 501, "configuration": { "id": 146, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/146/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 5 G+", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 5 G+", "variant": "G+" } }, "mission": { "id": 610, "name": "Rosetta", "description": "Rosetta is a space probe built by the ESA, along with Philae, its lander, it intends to survery and study comet 67P/Churyumov-Garasimenko.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Robotic Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 6, "name": "Heliocentric N/A", "abbrev": "Helio-N/A" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 77, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/77/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 3", "description": "ELA-3, is a launch pad and associated facilities at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. ELA-3 was operated by Arianespace as part of the expendable launch system for Ariane 5 launch vehicles.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-3", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.239,-52.768", "latitude": "5.239", "longitude": "-52.768", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. 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Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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