Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3070&ordering=-id
{ "count": 7505, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3080&ordering=-id", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3060&ordering=-id", "results": [ { "id": "97714613-3f6e-449a-820d-17cb7ce1ebbc", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/97714613-3f6e-449a-820d-17cb7ce1ebbc/?format=api", "slug": "proton-kd-2-fobos-2", "name": "Proton-K/D-2 | Fobos-2", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:23:48Z", "net": "1988-07-12T17:01:43Z", "window_end": "1988-07-12T17:01:43Z", "window_start": "1988-07-12T17:01:43Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 6086, "configuration": { "id": 348, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/348/?format=api", "name": "Proton-K/D-2", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton-K/D-2", "variant": "D-2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4476, "name": "Fobos-2", "description": "Mars orbiter and Phobos lander mission", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Robotic Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 19, "name": "Mars Orbit", "abbrev": "Mars" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 130, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/130/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "200/40", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_200", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.0336111,63.0266949", "latitude": "46.0336111", "longitude": "63.0266949", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_130_20200803143249.jpg", "total_launch_count": 64, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 64 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 3314, "location_launch_attempt_count": 875, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 53, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 2198, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 61, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 27, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 51, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "976d23cd-5962-4af6-b975-00ef9731e252", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/976d23cd-5962-4af6-b975-00ef9731e252/?format=api", "slug": "delta-ii-eo-1-sac-c", "name": "Delta II | EO 1 & SAC C", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:52:45Z", "net": "2000-11-21T18:24:25Z", "window_end": "2000-11-21T18:24:25Z", "window_start": "2000-11-21T18:24:25Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 161, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/161/?format=api", "name": "United States Air Force", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7024, "configuration": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/88/?format=api", "name": "Delta II", "family": "Delta", "full_name": "Delta II 7320", "variant": "7320" } }, "mission": { "id": 5413, "name": "EO 1 & SAC C", "description": "EO 1 and SAS C are American and Argentinian Earth-imaging satellites.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 13, "name": "Polar Orbit", "abbrev": "PO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 39, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/39/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Space Launch Complex 2W", "description": "SLC-2W was originally used for Delta, Thor-Agena and Delta II launches. After the last Delta II flight in 2018, SLC-2W was repurposed to launch Firefly Alpha rockets.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vandenberg_Space_Launch_Complex_2", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=34.7556,-120.6224", "latitude": "34.7556", "longitude": "-120.6224", "location": { "id": 11, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/11/?format=api", "name": "Vandenberg SFB, CA, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "Vandenberg Space Force Base is a United States Space Force Base in Santa Barbara County, California. Established in 1941, Vandenberg Space Force Base is a space launch base, launching spacecraft from the Western Range, and also performs missile testing. The United States Space Force's Space Launch Delta 30 serves as the host delta for the base, equivalent to an Air Force air base wing. In addition to its military space launch mission, Vandenberg Space Force Base also hosts space launches for civil and commercial space entities, such as NASA and SpaceX.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_11_20200803142416.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Los_Angeles", "total_launch_count": 807, "total_landing_count": 26 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_39_20200803143542.jpg", "total_launch_count": 98, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 98 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4444, "location_launch_attempt_count": 604, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 65, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1029, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 77, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "974feff0-04fc-4913-b7ac-a5e2b7d48bdd", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/974feff0-04fc-4913-b7ac-a5e2b7d48bdd/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-ds-u2-ik-gvm", "name": "Kosmos-3M | DS-U2-IK GVM", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:27:39Z", "net": "1977-02-15T11:00:00Z", "window_end": "1977-02-15T11:00:00Z", "window_start": "1977-02-15T11:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 4800, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 3217, "name": "DS-U2-IK GVM", "description": "Mass model of the DS-U2-IK (Interkosmos 3) research satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 167, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/167/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "132/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883,40.869806", "latitude": "62.883", "longitude": "40.869806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_167_20200803143417.jpg", "total_launch_count": 172, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 172 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 1926, "location_launch_attempt_count": 529, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 79, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1089, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "974b8306-fe0c-42a8-b415-73a7acc50b17", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/974b8306-fe0c-42a8-b415-73a7acc50b17/?format=api", "slug": "long-march-7-tianzhou-1", "name": "Long March 7 | Tianzhou-1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-08-02T17:03:29Z", "net": "2017-04-20T11:41:35Z", "window_end": "2017-04-20T11:41:35Z", "window_start": "2017-04-20T11:41:35Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 88, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/88/?format=api", "name": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 1997, "configuration": { "id": 100, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/100/?format=api", "name": "Long March 7", "family": "Long March", "full_name": "Long March 7", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 354, "name": "Tianzhou-1", "description": "Tianzhou 1 is the first Chinese uncrewed cargo spacecraft to service the Tiangong 2 and follow on space stations.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Resupply", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 176, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/176/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "201", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenchang_Spacecraft_Launch_Site", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=19.618452,110.955356", "latitude": "19.618452", "longitude": "110.955356", "location": { "id": 8, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/8/?format=api", "name": "Wenchang Space Launch Site, People's Republic of China", "country_code": "CHN", "description": "The Wenchang Space Launch Site is a rocket launch site located in Wenchang on the island of Hainan, in China.\r\n\r\nFormally a suborbital test center, it currently serves as China's southernmost spaceport. The site was selected for its low latitude, 19° north of the equator, allowing for larger payloads to be launched. It is capable of launching the Long March 5, the heaviest Chinese rocket. Unlike launch facilities on the mainland, Wenchang uses its seaport for deliveries.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_8_20200803142445.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Shanghai", "total_launch_count": 39, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "CHN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_176_20200803143412.jpg", "total_launch_count": 23, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 23 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/long_march_7_image_20210513083007.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5637, "location_launch_attempt_count": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 194, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 22, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "974b4774-cda7-4373-abfc-40c1a1859cba", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/974b4774-cda7-4373-abfc-40c1a1859cba/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-9-block-5-galileo-l12-foc-fm25-fm27", "name": "Falcon 9 Block 5 | Galileo L12 (FOC FM25 & FM27)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-10-20T11:03:56Z", "net": "2024-04-28T00:34:00Z", "window_end": "2024-04-28T00:34:00Z", "window_start": "2024-04-28T00:34:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 1, "name": "Minute", "abbrev": "MIN", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the minute." }, "probability": 75, "weather_concerns": "Cumulus Cloud Rule, Thick Cloud Layers Rule, Liftoff Winds", "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 176, "configuration": { "id": 164, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/164/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 9", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 9 Block 5", "variant": "Block 5" } }, "mission": { "id": 5916, "name": "Galileo L12 (FOC FM25 & FM27)", "description": "Two satellites for Europe's Galileo navigation system. Originally planned for launch on Soyuz-ST and then Ariane 6 but both were unavailable.\r\n\r\nGalileo provides Europe with an alternative to the American GPS and Russian GLONASS constellations, but will be interoperable with both systems.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [ { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "featured": false, "type": "Multinational", "country_code": "FRA,ITA,DEU,ESP,CHE,GBR,AUT,SWE,BEL,PRT,NLD,HUN,POL,DNK,CZE,ROU,NOR,FIN,GRC,EST,IRL,LUX,SVN", "abbrev": "ESA", "description": "The European Space Agency is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states. Established in 1975 and headquartered in Paris, France, ESA has a worldwide staff of about 2,000 employees.\r\n\r\nESA's space flight programme includes human spaceflight (mainly through participation in the International Space Station program); the launch and operation of unmanned exploration missions to other planets and the Moon; Earth observation, science and telecommunication; designing launch vehicles; and maintaining a major spaceport, the Guiana Space Centre at Kourou, French Guiana.", "administrator": "Director General: Josef Aschbacher", "founding_year": "1975", "launchers": "Ariane | Vega", "spacecraft": "Space Rider", "launch_library_url": null, "total_launch_count": 7, "consecutive_successful_launches": 5, "successful_launches": 6, "failed_launches": 1, "pending_launches": 0, "consecutive_successful_landings": 0, "successful_landings": 0, "failed_landings": 0, "attempted_landings": 0, "info_url": "http://www.esa.int/", "wiki_url": "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png", "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/esa_patch_float_image_20250211192109.png", "nation_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/european2520space2520agency_logo_20221130101442.png" } ], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 87, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/87/?format=api", "agency_id": 121, "name": "Launch Complex 39A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.60822681,-80.60428186", "latitude": "28.60822681", "longitude": "-80.60428186", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS).", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_27_20200803142447.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/New_York", "total_launch_count": 265, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "USA", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_87_20200803143537.jpg", "total_launch_count": 207, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 206 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/f9_liftoff_from_image_20240428045038.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 30, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/30/?format=api", "name": "Galileo", "description": "Galileo is a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that went live in 2016, created by the European Union through the European Space Agency (ESA), operated by the European Union Agency for the Space Programme (EUSPA).", "agencies": [ { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/27/?format=api", "name": "European Space Agency", "type": "Multinational" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/galileo_program_20231230110547.png", "start_date": "2011-10-21T10:30:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.gsc-europa.eu/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Navigation Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6669, "location_launch_attempt_count": 236, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 178, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 354, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 80, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 43, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "9741aa72-6987-4322-8b05-22176c876bb5", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/9741aa72-6987-4322-8b05-22176c876bb5/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-zenit-6u-58", "name": "Soyuz U | Zenit-6U 58", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:41:08Z", "net": "1982-05-21T12:40:00Z", "window_end": "1982-05-21T12:40:00Z", "window_start": "1982-05-21T12:40:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5400, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 3807, "name": "Zenit-6U 58", "description": "Optical film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/20/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "31/6", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_31", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.996034,63.564003", "latitude": "45.996034", "longitude": "63.564003", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. 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