Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=3040&ordering=net
{ "count": 7505, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3050&ordering=net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=3030&ordering=net", "results": [ { "id": "b2618a64-a0b0-49a4-8e60-bbde1a9f58c5", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/b2618a64-a0b0-49a4-8e60-bbde1a9f58c5/?format=api", "slug": "proton-kdm-raduga-16", "name": "Proton-K/DM | Raduga 16", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:35:05Z", "net": "1985-08-08T21:01:00Z", "window_end": "1985-08-08T21:01:00Z", "window_start": "1985-08-08T21:01:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5772, "configuration": { "id": 349, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/349/?format=api", "name": "Proton-K/DM", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton-K/DM", "variant": "DM" } }, "mission": { "id": 4171, "name": "Raduga 16", "description": "Geostationary communications satellite for military and governmental puposes", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/15/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "200/39 (200L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.039984,63.032093", "latitude": "46.039984", "longitude": "63.032093", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_15_20200803143530.jpg", "total_launch_count": 167, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 167 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton_image_20231231095535.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2975, "location_launch_attempt_count": 750, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 29, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1913, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 71, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 23, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 57, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "79880098-4506-43c6-bf88-0ee563ae58d4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/79880098-4506-43c6-bf88-0ee563ae58d4/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-m-us-k-41", "name": "Molniya-M | US-K 41", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:50:18Z", "net": "1985-08-12T15:09:03Z", "window_end": "1985-08-12T15:09:03Z", "window_start": "1985-08-12T15:09:03Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5773, "configuration": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya-M 2BL", "variant": "2BL" } }, "mission": { "id": 4172, "name": "US-K 41", "description": "Early warning satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 35, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/35/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "16/2", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.960091,40.682983", "latitude": "62.960091", "longitude": "40.682983", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_35_20200803143306.jpg", "total_launch_count": 136, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 136 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2976, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1066, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 41, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1914, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 72, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 35, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 6, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 58, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "c8eb5156-bcd5-426f-9a58-79db437e23e4", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/c8eb5156-bcd5-426f-9a58-79db437e23e4/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-u-yantar-4k2-16", "name": "Soyuz U | Yantar-4K2 16", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:16Z", "net": "1985-08-16T15:10:00Z", "window_end": "1985-08-16T15:10:00Z", "window_start": "1985-08-16T15:10:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5774, "configuration": { "id": 37, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/37/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz U", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz U", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 4173, "name": "Yantar-4K2 16", "description": "Film-return reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_168_20200803143446.jpg", "total_launch_count": 310, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 310 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz2520u_image_20190222031023.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2977, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1067, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 270, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1915, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 73, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 36, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 8, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 59, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "4978e56c-5487-47ed-af93-2ec52a583de2", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/4978e56c-5487-47ed-af93-2ec52a583de2/?format=api", "slug": "mu-3s-ii-suisei", "name": "Mu-3S-II | Suisei", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:53:56Z", "net": "1985-08-18T23:33:00Z", "window_end": "1985-08-18T23:33:00Z", "window_start": "1985-08-18T23:33:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 1009, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1009/?format=api", "name": "Institute of Space and Astronautical Science", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5775, "configuration": { "id": 339, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/339/?format=api", "name": "Mu-3S-II", "family": "Mu", "full_name": "Mu-3S-II", "variant": "S-II" } }, "mission": { "id": 4174, "name": "Suisei", "description": "Japaneset halley comet flyby mission", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Robotic Exploration", "orbit": { "id": 21, "name": "Asteroid", "abbrev": "Asteroid" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 47, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/47/?format=api", "agency_id": 37, "name": "Mu Center", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchinoura_Space_Center", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=31.2509794,131.0821319", "latitude": "31.2509794", "longitude": "131.0821319", "location": { "id": 24, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/24/?format=api", "name": "Uchinoura Space Center, Japan", "country_code": "JPN", "description": "The Uchinoura Space Center is a space launch facility in the Japanese town of Kimotsuki, Kagoshima Prefecture. All of Japan's scientific satellites were launched from Uchinoura prior to the M-V launch vehicles being decommissioned in 2006. It continues to be used for suborbital launches, stratospheric balloons and has also been used for the Epsilon orbital launch vehicle. Additionally, the center has antennas for communication with interplanetary space probes.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_24_20200803142411.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tokyo", "total_launch_count": 43, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "JPN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_47_20200803143524.jpg", "total_launch_count": 36, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 36 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2978, "location_launch_attempt_count": 22, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 17, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 22, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 74, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "7916cb67-2903-45a9-a8d0-675b525418ad", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/7916cb67-2903-45a9-a8d0-675b525418ad/?format=api", "slug": "molniya-m-molniya-1t-64", "name": "Molniya-M | Molniya-1T 64", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:29:10Z", "net": "1985-08-22T19:28:00Z", "window_end": "1985-08-22T19:28:00Z", "window_start": "1985-08-22T19:28:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5776, "configuration": { "id": 106, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/106/?format=api", "name": "Molniya-M", "family": "R-7", "full_name": "Molniya-M 2BL", "variant": "2BL" } }, "mission": { "id": 4175, "name": "Molniya-1T 64", "description": "Military communications satellite in a highly elliptic orbit", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 0, "name": "Elliptical Orbit", "abbrev": "Elliptical" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 168, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/168/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "41/1", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesetsk_Cosmodrome", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.941,40.526806", "latitude": "62.941", "longitude": "40.526806", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1674, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_168_20200803143446.jpg", "total_launch_count": 310, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 310 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2979, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1068, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 271, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1916, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 75, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 37, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 60, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "01a437ad-c7b0-476d-a839-bfb452ee2b85", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/01a437ad-c7b0-476d-a839-bfb452ee2b85/?format=api", "slug": "tsiklon-2-us-a-27", "name": "Tsiklon-2 | US-A 27", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:24:19Z", "net": "1985-08-23T22:33:00Z", "window_end": "1985-08-23T22:33:00Z", "window_start": "1985-08-23T22:33:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 66, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/66/?format=api", "name": "Soviet Space Program", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 5777, "configuration": { "id": 443, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/443/?format=api", "name": "Tsiklon-2", "family": "Tsiklon", "full_name": "Tsiklon-2", "variant": "2" } }, "mission": { "id": 4176, "name": "US-A 27", "description": "Active radar satellite for ocean surveillance powered by a nuclear reactor.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 132, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/132/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "90", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baikonur_Cosmodrome_Site_90", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.081,62.929806", "latitude": "46.081", "longitude": "62.929806", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1555, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_132_20200803143344.jpg", "total_launch_count": 74, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 74 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/tsyklon-2_lifto_image_20240411113159.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 2980, "location_launch_attempt_count": 751, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 51, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1917, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 76, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 24, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 61, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "9702c2e4-d4d2-46b1-9102-89ace622b7bf", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/9702c2e4-d4d2-46b1-9102-89ace622b7bf/?format=api", "slug": "space-shuttle-discovery-ov-103-sts-51-i", "name": "Space Shuttle Discovery / OV-103 | STS-51-I", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T08:46:53Z", "net": "1985-08-27T10:58:01Z", "window_end": "1985-08-27T10:58:01Z", "window_start": "1985-08-27T10:58:01Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": -1, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 192, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/192/?format=api", "name": "Lockheed Space Operations Company", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 309, "configuration": { "id": 493, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/493/?format=api", "name": "Space Shuttle", "family": "", "full_name": "Space Shuttle", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 664, "name": "STS-51-I", "description": "STS-51-I was the twentieth of the shuttle program and sixth of Space Shuttle Discovery. It deployed three 10 satellites and then repaired a malfunctioning satellite. This mission required two EVAs.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 87, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/87/?format=api", "agency_id": 121, "name": "Launch Complex 39A", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39#Launch_Pad_39A", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=28.60822681,-80.60428186", "latitude": "28.60822681", "longitude": "-80.60428186", "location": { "id": 27, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/27/?format=api", "name": "Kennedy Space Center, FL, USA", "country_code": "USA", "description": "The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of NASA's ten field centers. Since 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. 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