Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=2870&ordering=-net
{ "count": 7863, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=2880&ordering=-net", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=2860&ordering=-net", "results": [ { "id": "da7e050c-a1fc-43ca-8596-578b30b499f5", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/da7e050c-a1fc-43ca-8596-578b30b499f5/?format=api", "slug": "dnepr-rapideye-1-to-5", "name": "Dnepr | RapidEye 1 to 5", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:33:05Z", "net": "2008-08-29T07:15:58Z", "window_end": "2008-08-29T07:15:58Z", "window_start": "2008-08-29T07:15:58Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 119, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/119/?format=api", "name": "ISC Kosmotras", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7363, "configuration": { "id": 31, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/31/?format=api", "name": "Dnepr", "family": "", "full_name": "Dnepr 1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": { "id": 5752, "name": "RapidEye 1 to 5", "description": "German Earth observation satellites", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Earth Science", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 12, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/12/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "109/95", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=45.95112,63.497095", "latitude": "45.95112", "longitude": "63.497095", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1563, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_12_20200803143322.jpg", "total_launch_count": 12, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 12 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/dnepr-1_liftoff_image_20240411092543.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4927, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1299, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 9, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 11, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 42, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 11, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "23f12243-ba6a-4951-b3e3-cbc5b0aaed1c", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/23f12243-ba6a-4951-b3e3-cbc5b0aaed1c/?format=api", "slug": "proton-m-briz-m-inmarsat-4-f3", "name": "Proton-M Briz-M | Inmarsat 4 F3", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:35:17Z", "net": "2008-08-18T22:43:00Z", "window_end": "2008-08-18T22:43:00Z", "window_start": "2008-08-18T22:43:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 96, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/96/?format=api", "name": "Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7362, "configuration": { "id": 22, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/22/?format=api", "name": "Proton-M Briz-M", "family": "Proton / UR-500", "full_name": "Proton-M Briz-M", "variant": "Briz-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 5751, "name": "Inmarsat 4 F3", "description": "Inmarsat geostationary communications satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 1, "name": "Geostationary Orbit", "abbrev": "Direct-GEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/15/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "200/39 (200L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=46.039984,63.032093", "latitude": "46.039984", "longitude": "63.032093", "location": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/15/?format=api", "name": "Baikonur Cosmodrome, Republic of Kazakhstan", "country_code": "KAZ", "description": "The Baikonur Cosmodrome is a spaceport operated by Russia within Kazakhstan. Located in the Kazakh city of Baikonur, it is the largest operational space launch facility in terms of area. All Russian crewed spaceflights are launched from Baikonur.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_15_20200803142517.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Qyzylorda", "total_launch_count": 1563, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "KAZ", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_15_20200803143530.jpg", "total_launch_count": 167, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 167 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/proton-m2520briz-m_image_20190224012317.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4926, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1298, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 115, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 135, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 41, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "e8684f46-d3fe-411e-b03c-173530fe307e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/e8684f46-d3fe-411e-b03c-173530fe307e/?format=api", "slug": "safir-omid", "name": "Safir | Omid", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2024-08-02T16:26:34Z", "net": "2008-08-16T19:32:00Z", "window_end": "2008-08-16T19:32:00Z", "window_start": "2008-08-16T19:32:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/34/?format=api", "name": "Iranian Space Agency", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7361, "configuration": { "id": 39, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/39/?format=api", "name": "Safir", "family": "Nodong", "full_name": "Safir", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 5750, "name": "Omid", "description": "First Iranian built and launched satellite. Failed to reach orbit due to a launch vehicle second stage malfunction.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Test Flight", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 58, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/58/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Safir Launch Pad", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semnan_Space_Center#Circular_launch_platform", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=35.23462,53.920936", "latitude": "35.23462", "longitude": "53.920936", "location": { "id": 2, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/2/?format=api", "name": "Semnan Space Center, Islamic Republic of Iran", "country_code": "IRN", "description": "Semnan Space Center is the primary Iranian spaceport, located 50 km southeast of the city of Semnan in the north of the country.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_2_20200803142458.jpg", "timezone_name": "Asia/Tehran", "total_launch_count": 15, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "IRN", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_58_20200803143301.jpg", "total_launch_count": 8, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 8 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": null, "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4925, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 1, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 40, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "d1886ac0-08bb-4e92-8847-3dcc3af1cd83", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/d1886ac0-08bb-4e92-8847-3dcc3af1cd83/?format=api", "slug": "ariane-5-eca-amc-21-superbird-7", "name": "Ariane 5 ECA | AMC-21 & Superbird 7", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:01:06Z", "net": "2008-08-14T20:44:00Z", "window_end": "2008-08-14T20:44:00Z", "window_start": "2008-08-14T20:44:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 115, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/115/?format=api", "name": "Arianespace", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 574, "configuration": { "id": 20, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/20/?format=api", "name": "Ariane 5 ECA", "family": "Ariane", "full_name": "Ariane 5 ECA", "variant": "ECA" } }, "mission": { "id": 619, "name": "AMC-21 & Superbird 7", "description": "AMC-21 is a communications satellite operated by SES operating at 125 degrees West. Superbird 7 is a geostationary communications satellite operated by JSAT, positioned at 144 degrees East.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 2, "name": "Geostationary Transfer Orbit", "abbrev": "GTO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 77, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/77/?format=api", "agency_id": 115, "name": "Ariane Launch Area 3", "description": "ELA-3, is a launch pad and associated facilities at the Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana. ELA-3 was operated by Arianespace as part of the expendable launch system for Ariane 5 launch vehicles.", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELA-3", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=5.239,-52.768", "latitude": "5.239", "longitude": "-52.768", "location": { "id": 13, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/13/?format=api", "name": "Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana", "country_code": "GUF", "description": "The Guiana Space Centre is a European spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana, a region of France in South America. Kourou is located at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its equatorial location and open sea to the east.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_13_20200803142412.jpg", "timezone_name": "America/Cayenne", "total_launch_count": 333, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "GUF", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_77_20200803143458.jpg", "total_launch_count": 118, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 118 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/ariane252052520eca_image_20190224012333.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4924, "location_launch_attempt_count": 194, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 41, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 180, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 39, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 5, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "cdeb321f-0860-4064-ba76-4ad0f9022103", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/cdeb321f-0860-4064-ba76-4ad0f9022103/?format=api", "slug": "falcon-1-flight-3", "name": "Falcon 1 | Flight 3", "status": { "id": 4, "name": "Launch Failure", "abbrev": "Failure", "description": "Either the launch vehicle did not reach orbit, or the payload(s) failed to separate." }, "last_updated": "2023-07-08T08:49:29Z", "net": "2008-08-03T03:34:00Z", "window_end": "2008-08-03T03:34:00Z", "window_start": "2008-08-03T03:34:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "Residual stage 1 thrust led to collision between stage 1 and stage 2 during separation.", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 121, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/121/?format=api", "name": "SpaceX", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 1398, "configuration": { "id": 133, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/133/?format=api", "name": "Falcon 1", "family": "Falcon", "full_name": "Falcon 1", "variant": "1" } }, "mission": { "id": 6460, "name": "Flight 3", "description": "Trailblazer, PRESat, NanoSail-D and a Celestis payload were part of the rideshare on the 3rd Falcon 1 launch.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Dedicated Rideshare", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 107, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/107/?format=api", "agency_id": null, "name": "Omelek Island", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omelek_Island", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=9.047861,167.743", "latitude": "9.047861", "longitude": "167.743", "location": { "id": 142, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/142/?format=api", "name": "Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands", "country_code": "MHL", "description": "The Ronald Reagan Ballistic Missile Defense Test Site is a missile test range in Marshall Islands. It covers about 750,000 square miles (1,900,000 km2) and includes rocket launch sites at the Kwajalein Atoll (on multiple islands), Wake Island, and Aur Atoll. It primarily functions as a test facility for U.S. missile defense and space research programs.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_142_20200803142511.jpg", "timezone_name": "Pacific/Tarawa", "total_launch_count": 5, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "MHL", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_107_20200803143450.jpg", "total_launch_count": 5, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/falcon_image_20190222030438.jpeg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4923, "location_launch_attempt_count": 3, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 3, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 38, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "28f1c741-0c76-470a-9138-40a2b254b19e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/28f1c741-0c76-470a-9138-40a2b254b19e/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21b-persona-1", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b | Persona 1", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:10:53Z", "net": "2008-07-26T18:31:36Z", "window_end": "2008-07-26T18:31:36Z", "window_start": "2008-07-26T18:31:36Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7360, "configuration": { "id": 15, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/15/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b", "variant": "" } }, "mission": { "id": 5749, "name": "Persona 1", "description": "Electro-optical reconnaissance satellite", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 17, "name": "Sun-Synchronous Orbit", "abbrev": "SSO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1685, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_85_20200803143554.jpg", "total_launch_count": 328, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 328 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_2.1b_image_20230802085331.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 4922, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1560, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 262, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 68, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 37, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "1a5426cb-6d9d-412a-a941-04b91f1bb818", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1a5426cb-6d9d-412a-a941-04b91f1bb818/?format=api", "slug": "kosmos-3m-sar-lupe-5", "name": "Kosmos-3M | SAR-Lupe 5", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:44:00Z", "net": "2008-07-22T02:40:09Z", "window_end": "2008-07-22T02:40:09Z", "window_start": "2008-07-22T02:40:09Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": null, "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 154, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/154/?format=api", "name": "Production Corporation Polyot", "type": "Commercial" }, "rocket": { "id": 7359, "configuration": { "id": 102, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/102/?format=api", "name": "Kosmos-3M", "family": "Kosmos", "full_name": "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)", "variant": "-3M" } }, "mission": { "id": 5748, "name": "SAR-Lupe 5", "description": "German military radar reconnaissance spacecraft", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Government/Top Secret", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 28, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/28/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "132/1 (132L)", "description": null, "info_url": null, "wiki_url": "", "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.883229,40.868549", "latitude": "62.883229", "longitude": "40.868549", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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