Launch List
AN API endpoint that returns all Launch objects or a single launch.
EXAMPLE - /launch/[id]/ or /launch/?mode=list&search=SpaceX
GET Return a list of all Launch objects.
FILTERS Fields - 'name', 'id(s)', 'lsp__id', 'lsp__name', 'serial_number', 'launcher_config__id', 'rocket__spacecraftflight__spacecraft__name', 'is_crewed', 'include_suborbital', 'spacecraft_config__ids', 'related', 'location__ids', 'lsp__ids', 'pad__ids', 'status__ids'
MODE 'normal', 'list', 'detailed'
EXAMPLE ?mode=list
SEARCH Searches through the launch name, rocket name, launch agency, mission name & spacecraft name.
EXAMPLE - ?search=SpaceX
GET /2.2.0/launch/?format=api&offset=2780&ordering=-name
{ "count": 7746, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=2790&ordering=-name", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/?format=api&limit=10&offset=2770&ordering=-name", "results": [ { "id": "1851e490-8d1b-4ec6-8efe-539e30cabe2e", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/1851e490-8d1b-4ec6-8efe-539e30cabe2e/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21bfregat-m-gonets-m27-gonets-m28-gonets-m29", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M | Gonets-M27, Gonets-M28, Gonets-M29 & others", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-08-16T06:37:55Z", "net": "2020-09-28T11:20:32Z", "window_end": "2020-09-28T12:15:00Z", "window_start": "2020-09-28T11:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2213, "configuration": { "id": 134, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/134/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 1189, "name": "Gonets-M27, Gonets-M28, Gonets-M29 & others", "description": "Gonets-M are an upgraded version of Gonets satellites, derived from military communications system Strela-3. Gonets-M constellation is tasked with monitoring ecological and industrial objects, providing communication and data transmission services, covering also the remote areas like the Far North region. \r\nThis launch also carries 22 small satellites as a rideshare payloads. These are cubesats for commercial companies such as Spire and Kepler Communications, as well as cubesats for various international universities.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Communications", "orbit": { "id": 8, "name": "Low Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "LEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1680, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_85_20200803143554.jpg", "total_launch_count": 325, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 325 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_2.1b_image_20230802085331.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5998, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1638, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 302, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 113, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 76, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 3, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "58ba48e0-641b-49f5-b930-10e4de71147a", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/58ba48e0-641b-49f5-b930-10e4de71147a/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21bfregat-m-glonass-m-no-61-kosmos-2564", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M | Glonass-M No. 61 (Kosmos 2564)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2024-06-13T17:12:30Z", "net": "2022-11-28T15:13:50Z", "window_end": "2022-11-28T17:30:00Z", "window_start": "2022-11-28T15:00:00Z", "net_precision": { "id": 0, "name": "Second", "abbrev": "SEC", "description": "The T-0 is accurate to the second." }, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 7706, "configuration": { "id": 134, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/134/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 6224, "name": "Glonass-M No. 61 (Kosmos 2564)", "description": "Glonass-M, also known as Uragan-M, are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used for GLONASS satellite navigation system. GLONASS is a Russian space-based navigation system comparable to the similar GPS and Galileo systems. This generation improves on accuracy, power consumption and design life. Each satellite weighs 1415 kg, is equipped with 12 L-band antennas, and has an operational lifetime of 7 years.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/36/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/3 (43L)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": "62.9273", "longitude": "40.45", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1680, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 231, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 231 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_2.1b_image_20230802085331.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/34/?format=api", "name": "GLONASS", "description": "GLONASS (ГЛОНАСС, IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; Russian: Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, tr. Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, lit. 'Global Navigation Satellite System') is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/glonass_program_20240102170258.png", "start_date": "1982-10-12T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Navigation Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 6348, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1658, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 226, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 129, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 166, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 12, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 4, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 10, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "139df5ea-4b55-43ea-9cd3-878aa8b914e7", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/139df5ea-4b55-43ea-9cd3-878aa8b914e7/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21bfregat-m-glonass-m-no-60-kosmos-2545", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M | Glonass-M No. 60 (Kosmos 2545)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:11:12Z", "net": "2020-03-16T18:28:10Z", "window_end": "2020-03-16T18:28:10Z", "window_start": "2020-03-16T18:28:10Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2593, "configuration": { "id": 134, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/134/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 1081, "name": "Glonass-M No. 60 (Kosmos 2545)", "description": "Glonass-M, also known as Uragan-M, are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used for GLONASS satellite navigation system. GLONASS is a Russian space-based navigation system comparable to the similar GPS and Galileo systems. This generation improves on accuracy, power consumption and design life. Each satellite weighs 1415 kg, is equipped with 12 L-band antennas, and has an operational lifetime of 7 years.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1680, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_85_20200803143554.jpg", "total_launch_count": 325, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 325 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_2.1b_image_20230802085331.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/34/?format=api", "name": "GLONASS", "description": "GLONASS (ГЛОНАСС, IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; Russian: Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, tr. Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, lit. 'Global Navigation Satellite System') is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/glonass_program_20240102170258.png", "start_date": "1982-10-12T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Navigation Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5942, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1636, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 300, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 111, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 20, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 2, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "9067de84-4dc5-4b69-a2d7-14727a639162", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/9067de84-4dc5-4b69-a2d7-14727a639162/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21bfregat-m-glonass-m-no-59-kosmos-2544", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M | Glonass-M No. 59 (Kosmos 2544)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T03:51:34Z", "net": "2019-12-11T08:54:48Z", "window_end": "2019-12-11T10:30:00Z", "window_start": "2019-12-11T08:30:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2560, "configuration": { "id": 134, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/134/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 1065, "name": "Glonass-M No. 59 (Kosmos 2544)", "description": "Glonass-M, also known as Uragan-M, are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used for GLONASS satellite navigation system. GLONASS is a Russian space-based navigation system comparable to the similar GPS and Galileo systems. This generation improves on accuracy, power consumption and design life. Each satellite weighs 1415 kg, is equipped with 12 L-band antennas, and has an operational lifetime of 7 years.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 36, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/36/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/3 (43L)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.9273,40.45", "latitude": "62.9273", "longitude": "40.45", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. Consequently, Plesetsk has seen considerably more activity since the 2000s.", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/location_6_20200803142434.jpg", "timezone_name": "Europe/Moscow", "total_launch_count": 1680, "total_landing_count": 0 }, "country_code": "RUS", "map_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/map_images/pad_36_20200803143534.jpg", "total_launch_count": 231, "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 231 }, "webcast_live": false, "image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/soyuz_2.1b_image_20230802085331.jpg", "infographic": null, "program": [ { "id": 34, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/program/34/?format=api", "name": "GLONASS", "description": "GLONASS (ГЛОНАСС, IPA: [ɡɫɐˈnas]; Russian: Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система, tr. Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema, lit. 'Global Navigation Satellite System') is a Russian satellite navigation system operating as part of a radionavigation-satellite service. It provides an alternative to Global Positioning System (GPS) and is the second navigational system in operation with global coverage and of comparable precision.", "agencies": [ { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "type": "Government" } ], "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/glonass_program_20240102170258.png", "start_date": "1982-10-12T00:00:00Z", "end_date": null, "info_url": "https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/", "wiki_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS", "mission_patches": [], "type": { "id": 4, "name": "Navigation Constellation" } } ], "orbital_launch_attempt_count": 5913, "location_launch_attempt_count": 1633, "pad_launch_attempt_count": 220, "agency_launch_attempt_count": 108, "orbital_launch_attempt_count_year": 93, "location_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "pad_launch_attempt_count_year": 1, "agency_launch_attempt_count_year": 7, "type": "normal" }, { "id": "2eb650d0-760f-4ef6-a082-26208fc688b0", "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/launch/2eb650d0-760f-4ef6-a082-26208fc688b0/?format=api", "slug": "soyuz-21bfregat-m-glonass-m-no-58-kosmos-2534", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M | Glonass-M No. 58 (Kosmos 2534)", "status": { "id": 3, "name": "Launch Successful", "abbrev": "Success", "description": "The launch vehicle successfully inserted its payload(s) into the target orbit(s)." }, "last_updated": "2023-06-14T04:10:51Z", "net": "2019-05-27T06:23:00Z", "window_end": "2019-05-27T08:00:00Z", "window_start": "2019-05-27T06:00:00Z", "net_precision": null, "probability": null, "weather_concerns": null, "holdreason": "", "failreason": "", "hashtag": null, "launch_service_provider": { "id": 193, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/193/?format=api", "name": "Russian Space Forces", "type": "Government" }, "rocket": { "id": 2477, "configuration": { "id": 134, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/config/launcher/134/?format=api", "name": "Soyuz 2.1b/Fregat-M", "family": "Soyuz", "full_name": "Soyuz 2.1b Fregat-M", "variant": "Fregat-M" } }, "mission": { "id": 995, "name": "Glonass-M No. 58 (Kosmos 2534)", "description": "Glonass-M, also known as Uragan-M, are the second generation of Uragan satellite design used for GLONASS satellite navigation system. GLONASS is a Russian space-based navigation system comparable to the similar GPS and Galileo systems. This generation improves on accuracy, power consumption and design life. Each satellite weighs 1415 kg, is equipped with 12 L-band antennas, and has an operational lifetime of 7 years.", "launch_designator": null, "type": "Navigation", "orbit": { "id": 12, "name": "Medium Earth Orbit", "abbrev": "MEO" }, "agencies": [], "info_urls": [], "vid_urls": [] }, "pad": { "id": 85, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/pad/85/?format=api", "agency_id": 163, "name": "43/4 (43R)", "description": "", "info_url": null, "wiki_url": null, "map_url": "https://www.google.com/maps?q=62.92883,40.457098", "latitude": "62.92883", "longitude": "40.457098", "location": { "id": 6, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/location/6/?format=api", "name": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russian Federation", "country_code": "RUS", "description": "Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, about 800 km north of Moscow and approximately 200 km south of Arkhangelsk. Originally developed as an ICBM site for the R-7 missile, it also served for numerous satellite launches using the R-7 and other rockets. Its high latitude makes it useful only for certain types of launches, especially the Molniya orbits, so for much of the site's history it functioned as a secondary location, with most orbital launches taking place from Baikonur, in the Kazakh SSR. With the end of the Soviet Union, Baikonur became a foreign territory, and Kazakhstan charged $115 million usage fees annually. 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