Astronaut List
API endpoint that allows Astronaut to be viewed.
GET: Return a list of all the existing astronauts.
MODE: Normal, List, LaunchList and Detailed /2.2.0/astronaut/?mode=detailed
FILTERS: Parameters - 'name', 'status', 'nationality', 'agency__name', 'agency__abbrev', 'date_of_birth', 'date_of_death', 'status_ids', 'is_human', 'type__id', 'has_flown', 'in_space' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?nationality=American
SEARCH EXAMPLE: /2.2.0/astronaut/?search=armstrong Searches through name, nationality and agency name
ORDERING: Fields - 'name', 'status', 'date_of_birth' Example - /2.2.0/astronaut/?order=name
GET /2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&offset=670&ordering=-eva_time
{ "count": 824, "next": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=680&ordering=-eva_time", "previous": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/?format=api&limit=10&offset=660&ordering=-eva_time", "results": [ { "id": 788, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/788/?format=api", "name": "Franz Haider", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 1, "name": "Unknown" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT13M55S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American Austrian", "bio": "For Austrian entrepreneur and world traveler Franz Haider, the dream of becoming an astronaut started at the tender age of 7, when he saw the Apollo 11 Moon landing. His mother cautioned him, however, that his home country had no space program. But his desire only grew stronger and, at the age of 27 while on a trip to New Zealand, he had an epiphany: “We had reached the farthest point from our homeland, and I was thinking with a friend about how to top that. There was only one thing we could think of: A trip to space or to the Moon.” After waiting 16 years for his spaceflight, Franz says traveling on ‘Galactic 06’ was his grandest adventure yet. “I have always been fascinated by all that our beautiful planet has to offer, and seeing it from space has been profoundly life changing.” His spacesuit displays the Austria and USA flags. On his flight, Franz carried a photo of his 3-year-old son.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "featured": false, "type": "Private", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "VG", "description": "Virgin Galactic is an American spaceflight company within the Virgin Group. It is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflights to space tourists. Virgin Galactic's suborbital spacecraft are air launched from beneath a carrier airplane known as White Knight Two.", "administrator": "Founder: Richard Branson", "founding_year": "2004", "launchers": "VMS Eve", "spacecraft": "VSS Enterprise | VSS Unity", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin_galactic_image_20210522131723.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_logo_20230509082346.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/franz_haider_image_20240226161214.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190833.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2024-01-26T17:42:05Z", "first_flight": "2024-01-26T17:42:05Z" }, { "id": 821, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/821/?format=api", "name": "James Russell", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT20M26S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "James (J.D.) Russell is a serial entrepreneur and founder of InfoHOA, a leader in technology-based community management solutions. He was born into a military family at Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, AZ, and earned the Billy Mitchell Award in the Civil Air Patrol. Before starting his entrepreneur career, J.D. served as a federal law enforcement Marine, Fish, and Wildlife Game Warden. He founded the Victoria Russell Foundation to honor the memory of his deceased daughter. The foundation is dedicated to supporting children’s education and assistance to families of first responders, and is a proud partner with Dolly Parton’s Imagination Library to bring the love of reading to children by gifting books free of charge to children.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": null, "profile_image_thumbnail": null, "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2025-08-03T12:42:16Z", "first_flight": "2024-11-22T15:30:00Z" }, { "id": 724, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/724/?format=api", "name": "George Nield", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT10M4S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Dr. George Nield is the president of Commercial Space Technologies, LLC, which he founded to encourage, facilitate, and promote commercial space activities. He previously served as associate administrator for the Federal Aviation Administration Office of Commercial Space Transportation and was responsible for licensing and regulating all commercial launch activities. Earlier in his career, he held engineering roles at the Air Force Flight Test Center and the Orbital Sciences Corporation, and he was an assistant professor and research director at the U.S. Air Force Academy. Dr. Nield also served as the manager of the Flight Integration Office for NASA’s Space Shuttle Program.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/george_nield_image_20220606095035.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190339.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2022-03-31T13:57:55Z", "first_flight": "2022-03-31T13:57:55Z" }, { "id": 515, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/515/?format=api", "name": "Stephanie Wilson", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P42DT23H45M24S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 59, "date_of_birth": "1966-09-27", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Stephanie Diana Wilson is an American engineer and a NASA astronaut. She flew to space onboard three Space Shuttle missions, and is the second African American woman to go into space, after Mae Jemison. Her 42 days in space are the most of any African American astronaut, male or female.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanie_Wilson", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/stephanie_wilso_image_20201214164451.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185929.jpeg", "flights_count": 3, "landings_count": 3, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2010-04-05T10:21:22Z", "first_flight": "2006-07-04T18:37:55Z" }, { "id": 721, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/721/?format=api", "name": "Sharon Hagle", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT20M18S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Sharon Hagle founded SpaceKids Global in 2015, a nonprofit whose mission is to inspire students to excel in STEAM+ education with a focus on empowering young girls. SpaceKids hosts several annual challenges designed to inspire kids to pursue careers in the space industry, including national essay competitions and a partnership with the Girl Scouts of Citrus County.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/sharon_hagle_image_20220606100020.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305185256.jpeg", "flights_count": 2, "landings_count": 2, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2024-11-22T15:30:00Z", "first_flight": "2022-03-31T13:57:55Z" }, { "id": 672, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/672/?format=api", "name": "Mark Stucky", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P0D", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 66, "date_of_birth": "1958-11-09", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Mark P. \"Forger\" Stucky was an American test pilot and commercial astronaut for Virgin Galactic. He left the company in July 2021.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Stucky", "agency": { "id": 1024, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/1024/?format=api", "name": "Virgin Galactic", "featured": false, "type": "Private", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "VG", "description": "Virgin Galactic is an American spaceflight company within the Virgin Group. It is developing commercial spacecraft and aims to provide suborbital spaceflights to space tourists. Virgin Galactic's suborbital spacecraft are air launched from beneath a carrier airplane known as White Knight Two.", "administrator": "Founder: Richard Branson", "founding_year": "2004", "launchers": "VMS Eve", "spacecraft": "VSS Enterprise | VSS Unity", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin_galactic_image_20210522131723.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/virgin2520galactic_logo_20230509082346.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/mark_stucky_image_20210522145002.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190703.jpeg", "flights_count": 30, "landings_count": 30, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2020-06-25T12:00:00Z", "first_flight": "2010-10-28T12:00:00Z" }, { "id": 849, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/849/?format=api", "name": "Carl Kuehner", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT10M14S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": null, "date_of_birth": null, "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Chairman of Building and Land Technology (BLT), a real estate development, investment, and property management firm", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/carl_kuehner_of_image_20250621125030.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/carl_kuehner_of_image_thumbnail_20250621125030.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2025-06-29T14:39:56Z", "first_flight": "2025-06-29T14:39:56Z" }, { "id": 603, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/603/?format=api", "name": "F. Drew Gaffney", "status": { "id": 2, "name": "Retired" }, "type": { "id": 5, "name": "Payload Specialist" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "P9DT2H14M9S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 79, "date_of_birth": "1946-06-09", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Francis Andrew \"Drew\" Gaffney is an American doctor. He previously worked for NASA and participated in the STS-40 Space Life Sciences (SLS 1) Space Shuttle mission in 1991 as a payload specialist. The SLS-1 mission crew completed over 18 experiments in nine days, bringing back more medical data than any previous NASA flight. He is currently a professor of medicine at Vanderbilt University.", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Drew_Gaffney", "agency": { "id": 44, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/44/?format=api", "name": "National Aeronautics and Space Administration", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "NASA", "description": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. NASA have many launch facilities but most are inactive. The most commonly used pad will be LC-39B at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.", "administrator": "Acting Administrator: James Free", "founding_year": "1958", "launchers": "Space Shuttle | SLS", "spacecraft": "Orion", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_image_20190207032448.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/national2520aeronautics2520and2520space2520administration_logo_20190207032448.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/f.2520drew2520gaffney_image_20190211162526.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305191105.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "1991-06-05T13:24:51Z", "first_flight": "1991-06-05T13:24:51Z" }, { "id": 701, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/701/?format=api", "name": "Michael Strahan", "status": { "id": 14, "name": "Occasional Spaceflight" }, "type": { "id": 3, "name": "Private" }, "in_space": false, "time_in_space": "PT10M13S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 53, "date_of_birth": "1971-11-21", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "American", "bio": "Michael Strahan is a two-time Emmy award winner, Peabody award-winning journalist, and Super Bowl Champion, who currently serves as a co-anchor on ABC’s “Good Morning America” and host of the top-rated primetime game show “$100,000 Pyramid.” Strahan additionally serves as an analyst for “Fox NFL Sunday” and headlines the Thursday Night Football Pregame Show live from New York City.", "twitter": "https://twitter.com/michaelstrahan", "instagram": "https://www.instagram.com/michaelstrahan/", "wiki": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Strahan", "agency": { "id": 141, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/141/?format=api", "name": "Blue Origin", "featured": true, "type": "Commercial", "country_code": "USA", "abbrev": "BO", "description": "Blue Origin is an American privately funded aerospace manufacturer and spaceflight services company set up by Amazon.com founder Jeff Bezos with its headquarters in Kent, Washington. The company is developing technologies to enable private human access to space with the goal to dramatically lower costs and increase reliability. Blue Origin currently launches its New Shepard sub-orbital vehicle from its West Texas launch site, they are currently constructing a launch pad for their orbital vehicle New Glenn at Cape Canaveral LC-36.", "administrator": "CEO: Jeff Bezos", "founding_year": "2000", "launchers": "New Shepard | New Glenn", "spacecraft": "", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_image_20190207032427.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/blue2520origin_logo_20190207032427.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/michael_strahan_image_20220606095805.jpeg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/255bauto255d__image_thumbnail_20240305190428.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 1, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2021-12-11T15:00:42Z", "first_flight": "2021-12-11T15:00:42Z" }, { "id": 807, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/astronaut/807/?format=api", "name": "Alexey Zubritsky", "status": { "id": 1, "name": "Active" }, "type": { "id": 2, "name": "Government" }, "in_space": true, "time_in_space": "P171DT20H1M8S", "eva_time": "P0D", "age": 33, "date_of_birth": "1992-08-22", "date_of_death": null, "nationality": "Russian", "bio": "Russian cosmonaut from the 2018 selection", "twitter": null, "instagram": null, "wiki": null, "agency": { "id": 63, "url": "https://ll.thespacedevs.com/2.2.0/agencies/63/?format=api", "name": "Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS)", "featured": true, "type": "Government", "country_code": "RUS", "abbrev": "RFSA", "description": "The Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities, commonly known as Roscosmos, is the governmental body responsible for the space science program of the Russian Federation and general aerospace research. Soyuz has many launch locations the Russian sites are Baikonur, Plesetsk and Vostochny however Ariane also purchases the vehicle and launches it from French Guiana.", "administrator": "Administrator: Yuri Borisov", "founding_year": "1992", "launchers": "Soyuz", "spacecraft": "Soyuz", "parent": null, "image_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_image_20190207032459.jpeg", "logo_url": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/russian2520federal2520space2520agency25202528roscosmos2529_logo_20190207032459.png" }, "profile_image": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/alexey_zubritsk_image_20240828194754.jpg", "profile_image_thumbnail": "https://thespacedevs-prod.nyc3.digitaloceanspaces.com/media/images/alexey_zubritsk_image_thumbnail_20240828194755.jpeg", "flights_count": 1, "landings_count": 0, "spacewalks_count": 0, "last_flight": "2025-04-08T05:47:15Z", "first_flight": "2025-04-08T05:47:15Z" } ] }
